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Meteorology and climatology A 3D Display System for Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) Data The site provides access to an Air University Air Force Institute of Technology MSc Thesis, by First Lieutenant Michael W. Darwin, USAF, AFIT/GM/ENP/00M-05, dated March 2000. This thesis uses modern three-dimensional graphics, object-oriented software design, and innovative visualization techniques to develop a 3D visualization application for Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) data. Citation details and an abstract are available in HTML format. The full text can be accessed in PDF format. The document is part of the Air University Research Database. Atmospheric Propagation Effects Through Natural and Man-Made Obscurants for Visible to MM-Wave Radiation This is Research and Technology Organization (RTO) AGARD-CP-542, dated November 1993. This publication reports the papers presented to a specialists’ meeting held by the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel at its Spring 1993 meeting. The topics covered on the occasion of that Symposium include: Natural obscurants: -The effects of natural obscurants (haze, clouds, fog, rain, snow and dust) on system performance. Man-made obscurants and battlefield-induced phenomena: -The effects of man-made smokes, battlefield-induced smokes and enhanced scintillation on system performance. Target and background signatures: -Atmospheric effects on target and background signatures, and target to background contrast. Multispectral camouflage: -Weather-related propagation effects on camouflage and obscurants effectiveness and contrast reduction. -Theoretical and/or experimental evaluation of camouflage effectiveness. System mitigation aspects: -Methods to mitigate the above-mentioned factors e.g. image processing, sensor fusion, tactical weather intelligence, and tactical decision aids. Bibliographic and abstract details are available in HTML format. A table of contents, and the full text (313KB) of the document can be accessed online in PDF format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. C-MAP : Clean Air Mapping and Analysis Program Provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this project is a geographic information system (GIS) aimed at assessing the success of US pollution emission reduction programmes. The site provides two major resources - a gallery of maps which illustrate the spatial relationships between emissions and the environment, and a download facility. This allows you to download GIS datasets to be uploaded into GIS software, or a spreadsheet. Categories covered include air, water, land, deposition and emissions. The data covers the North American continent. Characterising the Ionosphere This is a Research and Technology Organization (RTO) Technical Report RTO-TR-IST-051, dated Jan 2009. This report is a compilation of papers from academic and other research institutes that describe ionospheric phenomena and parameters that affect electromagnetic propagation. The report addresses both mid-latitude and high-latitude effects. The first chapter describes the morphology of the ionosphere, briefly covers the neutral atmosphere and expands on the influence of the geomagnetic field, ionospheric electric field and currents, and particle precipitation at high latitudes. Chapter 2 looks at the instrumentation for obtaining the relevant data. An analysis of the mapping of total electron content in geographic co-ordinates is presented in Chapter 3 with an aim of providing timely information to the users. Chapter 4 addresses spontaneous emissions observed during ground-based and rocket-borne experiments. The final chapter considers the specific effects of space weather on the ionosphere during severe geomagnetic and ionospheric storms, the impact on technology including communication and navigation systems, and emphasises the need for a global perspective of the system. Extensive references are provided for each subject. For completeness, the proceedings of a Specialists’ Meeting held in conjunction with the study are added as an appendix. A table of contents, and the full text of the document can be accessed online in HTML format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. Climate Monitoring & Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Boulder, Colorado, conducts research-related to atmospheric constituents that are capable of forcing change in the climate of the earth through modification of the atmospheric radiative environment, for example greenhouse gases and aerosols, and those that may cause depletion of the global ozone layer. Useful sources available from this site include access to relevant datasets, as well as bibliographic descriptions of CMDL publications. The information is grouped under the five main research areas of the Laboratory: aerosols and radiation, carbon cycle greenhouse gases, halocarbons and other atmospheric trace species, observatory operations, and ozone and water vapour. The research is based on three themes: Climate forcing; Ozone depletion; and Baseline air quality. Earth Science Enterprise 1999 Applications Factbook The 1999 Earth Science Enterprise Applications Fact Book provides details of eleven applications that NASA are using to monitor and analyse environmental change. The earth science data and technologies discussed include agricultural map sets, a fire potential index, a mine drainage mapping project, a global positioning system (GPS) network, and element/climate tracking and monitoring. Ensuring the Climate Record from the NPP and NPOESS Meterological Satellites This site provides the full text of a report published by the National Academy Press in 2000. The report was produced by the US Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications. It is available in Openbook format, which allows readers to select individual chapters to view or to search the text for a word or phrase. Alternatively, individual pages can be selected for viewing. The report suggests measures and recommendations that can be taken to optimise the climate records obtained from the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) and the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP). Global Change Research and NASA's Earth Observing System This background paper was produced by the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-BP-ISC-122, in November 1993. This paper presents the results of a review conducted by the OTA of the United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), and specifically NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) of satellites. The paper is made available as part of the OTA Online Archive. The full text is accessible online in PDF format (794K). Alternatively, the front matter, table of contents, individual chapters and appendices are available as separate PDF files. Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (GDAAC) Provided by the Goddard Space Flight Center, this page provides access to Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) datasets on the following subjects: ocean colour, hydrology and precipitation, field experiments, land biosphere, atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, and interdisciplinary topics. Brief descriptions of the datasets and links to the sources listed are included. Goddard Technical Reports Server (GTRS) This database is available to search as part of the NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) or on its own from this site. It can be searched in a number of ways including title, author, NASA report number and keyword. Some reports are available in full text as PDF files, others have an abstract. The database covers space sciences, technology and earth sciences. GPS/MET Program The objective of the GPS/MET experiment is to use signals from GPS satellites occluded by the Earth to demonstrate active limb sounding of the atmosphere. The experiment is observing more than one hundred 60-to-100-second-long globally distributed occultations of GPS signals every day. Dual-frequency GPS occultations are extracted from these signals by the orbiting receiver and sent to a ground station where they are processed into different levels of data products. These GPS/MET data products are available to the scientific community on a timely basis for weather, climate, and other scientific research. The site offers both technical and non-technical introductions to the data. Note: users wishing to download data from the site have to complete a request form for a user identity and password. The data available includes: decimated GPS/MET level 3 data for an entire day, alongside profiles at the same time and location taken from other data sources. These files are in NetCDF format. GPS/MET data is combined with data from ancillary sources to compensate for water vapor's effect on refrativity. Also available is an ASCII-formatted file containing the same variables as the Megafile, but limited to the range of 0 to 60 km altitude, and decimated to 200 meters. Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research : Part 1. Science and Design This site provides the full text of a report published by the National Academy Press in 2000. The report was produced by the US Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications Committee on Earth Sciences. It is available in Openbook format, which allows readers to select individual chapters to view or to search the text for a word or phrase. Alternatively, individual pages can be selected for viewing. The report identifies and addresses issues raised by the integration of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) and NPOESS (National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System). Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy Published in May 2007, this Department of Transport strategy sets out a comprehensive approach to incentivising new technology development in the transport sector, building on the findings of the Stern Review. It highlights the wide range of technologies which can contribute to carbon reduction in each of the major transport modes, road, aviation, rail and shipping – and the major new steps that are being undertaken to stimulate the research, development and demonstration projects which can make these technologies a reality. It draws out the links between a future low carbon transport system and a future low carbon energy system. It is available via HTML or PDF (1 Mb). Manchester Metropolitan University : Centre for Air Transport and the Environment (CATE) CATE researches the effects of aircraft emissions on global climate change and local air quality, the noise and community impacts of aviation and the broader sustainability and development issues related to air transport and airports. The site provides details of current and previous research, whilst the 'publications' area provides details of relevant publications, some of them available in full text. Marshall Technical Reports Server (MTRS) This service can be searched on its own from this site, or as part of the NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS). The service is made up of selected full text and abstracts and citations of NASA reports from the Technical Publications Office. Most of the recent reports are available in full as PDF files, older reports have only citations and abstracts. The service can be searched by keyword, or browsed by date. Meterological Office Library - Monthly Accessions List (MAL) This site provided by the Met Office Library takes the form of a monthly accessions list covering the last three months' additions to the library. The information is browseable under the following headings - general meteorology, practical meteorology, meteorological phenomena, climatology, aqueous vapour and hydrology, pressure and wind, radiation and temperature, physical composition and structure of the atmosphere, oceanography, natural sciences, and conferences. Bibliographic information about each item is available. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies : GISS Publications Online This database service can be searched as part of the NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) or on its own from this site. The resource contains citations and abstracts of reports produced by Goddard during the past 40 years, although the emphasis within the database is on work done in the 1990s. Some of the papers are available in full as either postscript or PDF files. The database can be searched or browsed by year back to 1974. NASA Langley Research Center This is the home page of the NASA Langley Research Center. Its primary concerns are airframe systems, atmospheric sciences and structures and materials research. The site describes the research that the Center carries out, information on doing business with it, and provides access to LISAR, the Langley Image Scanning Archival and Retrieval system which contains a database of photographs of NASA and NACA research undertaken at Langley. The site also features the Langley Factsheet Server which provides full text details about many of Langley's research programmes, the Langley Technical Report Server (LTRS) for searching and browsing technical reports, some of which are available in full in PDF format, and latest news. NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Project Science Office The Earth Observing System (EOS) is the centerpiece of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE). It consists of a science component and a data system supporting a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. The web site brings together a variety of EOS related information sources. These include a public information and education section; details of the various EOS science programmes; and links to data sets and data sources (EOS Data and Information System - EOSDIS; EOSDIS Data Gateway; Global Change Master Directory; NASA/NOAA Pathfinder Program; Distributed Active Archive Centers). The site also provides access to the EOS Directory, which contains the most up-to-date information available to the EOS Project Science Office. There is also a publications section, which includes the full text of EOS documents including: EOS Reference Handbook; EOS Science Plan; EOS Data Products Handbook; Earth Science Enterprise Fact Book; and Report On The POST-2002 Mission Planning Workshop. Notes on Antarctic Aviation This provides access to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Report 93-14, by Malcom Mellor, dated August 1993. It describes the history of aviation in Antartica, the types and characteristics of existing and proposed airfield facilities, and the characteristics of aircraft suitable for Antarctic use. The full text of the report is available in PDF format (12.8 MB) and is part of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Virtual Library. Optical Air Flow Measurements in Flight This is Research and Technology Organization (RTO) AGARDograph, RTO-AG-160-V20, prepared by R.K. Bogue and H.W. Jentink, December 2003. It was sponsored by the SCI-122, the Flight Test Technology Task Group of the Systems Concepts and Integration Panel (SCI) of RTO. The report provides an introductory practical overview of in-flight optical flow measurement techniques. Provides basic knowledge and techniques necessary to assess the applicability of optical measurements and to address effective optical measurement techniques in flight. Key aspects of optical measurements are discussed and the tradeoffs are identified as they are currently understood. Basic components of optical measurement systems are discussed and key requirements are identified. Specific systems designed for a variety of applications are discussed to provide insight for the reader. Bibliographic details and an abstract are available in HTML format and the full text is available in PDF format (2.5 Mb). Remote sensing of In-Flight Icing Conditions : Operational, Meteorological, and Technological Considerations This is a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Engineer Research and Develpment Center (ERDC) Monograph, ERDC-CRREL M-00-1, NASA/CR-2000-209938, prepared by Charles C. Ryerson, for the NASA Glenn Research Center, dated January 2000. It reviews operational, meteorological, and technical consisderations in developing the capability to remotely map in-flight icing conditions from the ground and from the air. The text of the report is available in PDF format from the CRREL Virtual Library. Selected Current Aerospace Notices Provided by NASA, this service is an electronic current awareness journal which is published twice a month. The aim of the service is to alert users to recently published report and journal literature about aeronautics and aerospace research. It is divided into broad topic areas (aeronautics, astronautics, chemistry and materials, engineering, geosciences, life sciences, mathematical and computer sciences, physics, social sciences and space sciences) which are further subdivided into 191 specific subject topics to aid browsing and identification of relevant publications. The service is also searchable. The Future of Remote Sensing From Space : Civilian Satellite Systems and Applications This report was produced by the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-ISC-558, in July 1993. It is the first in a series of investigations which provide a broad assessment of Earth observation systems. The study examines the development of US and other civilian remote sensing systems. It explores the military and intelligence use of data gathered by civilian satellites. The study also presents a review of the outlook for privately funded and operated remote sensing systems. The report is made available as part of the OTA Online Archive. The full text is accessible online in PDF format (4389K). Alternatively, the front matter, table of contents, individual chapters, and appendices are available as separate PDF files. The Support of Air Operations under Extreme Hot and Cold Weather Conditions This is Research and Technology Organization (RTO) AGARD-CP-540, dated October 1993. Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can severely restrict the ability of aircrew and support personnel to accomplish their missions. Under emergency conditions of bail-out, ejection, and ditching of fixed or rotary-wing aircraft on land or in water, the survival rate of aircrew and passengers is also affected by the intensity of thermal stress experienced and the duration of exposure to the thermal stress. This has all recently been borne out by the experience of intense air operations in the Gulf War. This symposium reviewed the operational conditions experienced under extreme hot and cold weather. The papers presented at this symposium highlighted recent advances in thermal physiology, clothing sciences, personal flying equipment, and microclimate cooling. Emphasis was placed on the potential applications of these advances in situations where thermal stress may confound the efficient achievement of mission objectives. For individual titles, see N94-28421 through N94-28453. Bibliographic and abstract details are available in HTML format. A table of contents, and the full text (57.82MB) of the document can be accessed online in PDF format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. Tropospheric radio wave propagation, part 1 Conference proceedings This is Research and Technology Organization (RTO) AGARD-CP-70-PT-1, dated February 1971. In this paper, the scattering of e. m. waves determined by the refractive index irregularities of the troposphere is reviewed, bearing in mind its effects in radio propagation. The mathematical formulation of the problem is briefly recalled, both for reference purposes and in order to emphasize the meaning of the hypotheses generally assumed and which in some cases, might not turn out to be fully verified in practice. In this subject, the propagation aspects should go together with those regarding the models of the refractive index structure of the troposphere and the communication capability of the radio link. None the less, these latter aspects are only mentioned here, for the close implications they have in our problem, but are left, for more detailed discussion, to specific sections of this symposium. Emphasis here is given to some arguments which are worthy of discussion in view of the greater importance that may be envisaged for them in the future, and to others because much interest is given to them at present in scientific literature. With regard to the latter, particular attention in this survey is given to experimental researches which are now implemented in the scientific world , reaping advantage from the latest technological progress in measuring techniques. In as much as these works cover different aspects of the subject according to the different interest or background of the authors, they will all contribute to a better understanding of the tropospheric scatter mechanism. This report is the part I which includes conference proceedings. Bibliographic and abstract details are available in HTML format. A table of contents and the full text (24.80MB) of the document can be accessed online in PDF format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. Tropospheric radio wave propagation, part 2 This is Research and Technology Organization (RTO) AGARD-CP-70, dated February 1971. In this paper, the scattering of e. m. waves determined by the refractive index irregularities of the troposphere is reviewed, bearing in mind its effects in radio propagation. The mathematical formulation of the problem is briefly recalled, both for reference purposes and in order to emphasize the meaning of the hypotheses generally assumed and which in some cases, might not turn out to be fully verified in practice. In this subject, the propagation aspects should go together with those regarding the models of the refractive index structure of the troposphere and the communication capability of the radio link. None the less, these latter aspects are only mentioned here, for the close implications they have in our problem, but are left, for more detailed discussion, to specific sections of this symposium. Emphasis here is given to some arguments which are worthy of discussion in view of the greater importance that may be envisaged for them in the future, and to others because much interest is given to them at present in scientific literature. With regard to the latter, particular attention in this survey is given to experimental researches which are now implemented in the scientific world , reaping advantage from the latest technological progress in measuring techniques. In as much as these works cover different aspects of the subject according to the different interest or background of the authors, they will all contribute to a better understanding of the tropospheric scatter mechanism. Bibliographic and abstract details are available in HTML format. A table of contents and the full text (22.64MB) of the document can be accessed online in PDF format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. |
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