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Land warfare - NBC warfare

Analysis of Department of Defense Plans and Responses to Three Potential Anthrax Incidents in March 2005

This technical report (MG-445/1-OSD) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2006 and was written by Terrence K. Kelly, Terri Tanielian, Bruce W. Don, Melinda Moore, Charles Meade, K. Scott McMahon, John C. Baker, Gary Cecchine, Deanna Weber Prine and Michael A. Wermuth. In March 2005, three potential anthrax-related incidents occurred at Department of Defense (DoD) mail facilities in and around Washington, D.C. Were DoD’s responses in line with the National Response Plan (NRP) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS), the nation’s instruments for reducing the risk associated with such incidents? DoD asked the RAND Corporation to examine the department’s response to and management of the three incidents and analyze how well DoD’s actions conformed with existing plans and guidelines. Although the three incidents and the responses were different, the authors found overarching issues to be considered and lessons to be learned from all three. They saw a need for continued planning, training, and exercising, with an eye toward flexibility and verification. They further saw a need for DoD managers and senior leaders to move away from ad hoc decisions and actions and hew more closely to the specified roles and responsibilities outlined in the NRP and NIMS. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP)

This American site provides information on anthrax and its use as a biological weapon. The site contains information about the disease, images, a library of full text journal articles, and related links.

Arms Control Today (ACT)

Full-text articles about all aspects of arms control and nuclear proliferation. Published monthly, all issues from 1997 are available on-line.

Assessing Medical Preparedness to Respond to a Terrorist Nuclear Event : Workshop Report

This provides access to a National Academies Press publication edited by Georges C. Benjamin, Michael McGeary, and Susan R. McCutchen dated 2009. A nuclear attack on a large U.S. city by terrorists--even with a low-yield improvised nuclear device (IND) of 10 kilotons or less--would cause a large number of deaths and severe injuries. The large number of injured from the detonation and radioactive fallout that would follow would be overwhelming for local emergency response and health care systems to rescue and treat, even assuming that these systems and their personnel were not themselves incapacitated by the event. The United States has been struggling for some time to address and plan for the threat of nuclear terrorism and other weapons of mass destruction that terrorists might obtain and use. The Department of Homeland Security recently contracted with the Institute of Medicine to hold a workshop, summarized in this volume, to assess medical preparedness for a nuclear detonation of up to 10 kilotons. This book provides a candid and sobering look at our current state of preparedness for an IND, and identifies several key areas in which we might begin to focus our national efforts in a way that will improve the overall level of preparedness. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Assessing the Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism Threat

This web site provides access to a United States Strategic Studies Institute publication written by Milton Leitenberg dated December 2005. It is nearly 15 years since biological weapons (BW) have become a significant national security preoccupation. This occurred primarily due to circumstances occurring within a short span of years. First was the official U.S. Government suggestion that proliferation of offensive BW programs among states and even terrorist groups was an increasing trend; second was the discovery, between 1989 and 1992, that the Union USSR had violated the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since its ratification in 1975 by building a massive covert biological weapons program; third was the corroboration by the UN Special Commission in 1995 that Iraq had maintained a covert biological weapons program since 1974, and had produced and stockpiled large quantities of agents and delivery systems between 1988 and 1991; and, fourth was the discovery, also in 1995, that the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo group, which had carried out the nerve gas attack in the Tokyo subway system, also had spent 4 years attempting—albeit unsuccessfully—to produce and disperse two pathogenic biological agents. The distribution of professionally prepared anthrax spores through the U.S. postal system in the weeks afterwards September 11, 2001, magnified previous concerns by orders of magnitude. In December 2002, after U.S. forces had overrun much of the territory of Afghanistan, it was discovered that the al-Qaida organization also had spent several years trying to obtain the knowledge and means to produce biological agents. These new factors shifted the context in which BW was considered almost entirely to "bioterrorism." Within 4 years, almost $30 billion in federal expenditure was appropriated to counter the anticipated threat. This response took place in the absence of virtually any threat analysis. The purpose of this monograph is to begin to fill that gap. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor. Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism

This technical report (DB-458-AF) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2005 and was written by Sara A. Daly, John V. Parachini and William Rosenau. Revelations about A.Q. Khan�s global nuclear marketing efforts and Osama bin Laden�s contact with Pakistani nuclear scientists have raised concerns about terrorist acquisition of a nuclear or radiological weapons capability. Such a capability would pose a grave danger to U.S. national security and to the security of the international system of nation-states. This study suggests that strict controls on nuclear weapons, materials, and expertise will reduce opportunities for terrorists to acquire these resources. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Biologic Terrorism : Responding to the Threat

This article from Emerging Infectious Diseases suggests three possible biological attack scenarios and uses an economic analysis to describe the benefits of a rapid medical response and early response to such a crisis. The swiftness of the reaction by such agencies as healthcare workers depends on training, planning and preparation. Intelligence and rapid reaction are the best protection against such an attack on civilians.

Biological and Chemical Defence Review Committee (BCDRC)

Established by the Minister of National Defence (Canada), this committee reviews research, development and training activities undertaken by the Department of National Defence in biological and chemical defence. This site is linked from the the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff group site and is also available in French. It gives the background of the committee, its members, and full text annual reports from 1990. It also has a full text report entitled 'Research Development and Training in Chemical and Biological Defence Within the Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces', by William H. Barton.

Biosecurity: Limiting Terrorist Access to Deadly Pathogens

This web site provides access to the full text of a paper by Jonathan B. Tucker which was published by the United States Institute for Peace in November 2003. The paper examines the potential threat of terrorist threats from biological agents and biological weapons in the wake of events of September 11, 2001. It then assesses US and international measures and legislation to prevent terrorist access to them. It should be noted that the full text is in pdf format and so requires access to an Adobe Acrobat Reader for use.

Building Partner Capacity to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction

This gives access to a Rand Organization publication written by Jennifer Moroney ...[et al] dated 2009. Limited resources, access, and incomplete knowledge of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats create a need for working with appropriate partner countries around the world to address these challenging threats. This RAND National Defense Research Institute monograph outlines and then applies a four-step process for developing regional approaches to building partner capacity (BPC) to combat WMD. These steps include identifying capabilities and desired end states relative to the WMD threat, working with potential partners, identifying relevant BPC ways and means, and developing a framework to assess the effectiveness of BPC programs and activities. In doing so, the monograph identifies seven key themes that are linked to the recommendations. These key themes include improving guidance, increasing visibility of ongoing activities at a global level, improving coordination, encouraging collaboration, implementing procedures, conducting assessments, and securing resources. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

This site provides the full text of the Bulletin and back issues to 1990. Produced bi-monthly, its focus is on nuclear technology, the dangers of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction and global security. The site is also available in Spanish.

Bureau of Arms Control

The US State Department Bureau of Arms Control provides a collection of links to the full texts of arms control treaties and agreements. These include; the Ballistic Missile Launch Notification Agreement, Biological Weapons Convention, Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) and the Geneva Protocol. The site also provides texts of the Hot Line Agreement, Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) Guidelines, Outer Space Treaty, Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement and the Threshold Test Ban Treaty. There are also sections providing information on the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, Missile Defence and the Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat.

Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies

The Center's aim is to increase national and international awareness of medical and public health threats caused by biological weapons, and is a part of the Schools of Medicine and Public Health at Johns Hopkins University. The site contains information about the Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies, biological agents fact sheets, events and news. It also has a library with full text links to reports, congressional testimonies, book reviews, a bibliography of recommended reading, and internet links to other sites of interest.

Center for Defense Information

Organisation whose research is based on promoting awareness of security related issues through providing information on subjects such as security policy, strategy, weapon systems and military operations. The site contains full text research papers on US and European defence policy, terrorism, the arms trade, international conflicts, nuclear proliferation and peacekeeping. The site also links to the full text of its journal the Defense Monitor.

Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP)

CIDRAP, based at the University of Minnesota, provides advice and information on the prevention, control and treatment of infectious diseases. The site gives comprehensive information on bioterrorism providing clinical information, links, guidelines and further reading on anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia and VHF (Viral Hemorrhagic Fever). This is in addition to providing general information on terrorism, public health and homeland security.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies : Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page

The Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) based at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, is a United Sates non governmental organisation devoted to research and training on nonproliferation issues in order to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction. This site provides resources on chemical and biological weapons proliferation and terrorism. From these sections relevant articles, papers and reports from other web sites are grouped together. There is also access to CNS publications which provides details of books, full text occasional papers and Nonproliferation Review articles. It has a large list of chemical and biological weapons and WMD terrorism web links, and also links to the CNS main web page.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies : North Korea Special Collection

This site contains links to full text publications on North Korea from the CNS and other institutions. They are grouped into recent texts; key issues and analyses of the DPRK nuclear crisis; op eds; general overview; nuclear weapons programme; chronologies; agreed framework and KEDO; and missiles. There are also maps of nuclear, chemical, biological and missile sites and satellite images of nuclear facilities.

Center for the Study of Bioterrorism : Institute for Biosecurity : Saint Louis University School of Public Health

This site is provided by the Saint Louis University School of Public Health. It contains resources on category A agents including anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism, tularemia and VHF. The resources for each agent include quick reference guides and fact sheets, education and training, internet resources, news and journal articles, official remarks and reports and key documents. There are also sections on ricin, general bioterrorism, and chemical, radiological and nuclear terrorism.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response

Provided by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, this site contains information on agents, diseases and other threats with a focus on bioterrorism, chemical emergencies, radiation emergencies, mass casualties, natural disasters and severe weather, and recent outbreaks and incidents such as avian flu. The sections contain information, factsheets and full text documents for the general public and health professionals. The bioterrorism and chemical emergency sections contain alphabetical listings of agents including anthrax, plague, nerve gases, ricin and sarin. This site is also available in Spanish.

Challenge of Nuclear-Armed Regional Adversaries

This gives access to a Rand Organization publication written by David Ochmanek and Lowell H. Schwartz dated 2008. North Korea’s test of a nuclear weapon in 2006 shows that such weapons are within reach of determined regional powers. Thus, defense planners in the United States and elsewhere must begin now to confront the new security challenges posed by nuclear-armed regional adversaries. While U.S. conventional and nuclear forces will continue to have deterrent effects on the leaders of regional adversaries such as North Korea and Iran, the dynamics of the deterrent balance vis-à-vis these actors may be quite different from that to which the United States became accustomed during the Cold War. The weakness of these states at the conventional level, coupled with the high stakes they will have at risk in a conflict with the United States, could lead them to seriously consider brandishing or using nuclear weapons in a conflict. This, in turn, could compel U.S. leaders to temper their military and political objectives in such conflicts. To improve the United States’ military and political leverage in these situations, a great deal more needs to be done to develop and field capabilities, such as multilayered theater missile defenses and improved surveillance and target-tracking capabilities, that can prevent the enemy’s use of nuclear weapons. [Taken from abstract]. The fulkl text is avialable in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Chasing the Dragon. Assessing China�s System of Export Controls for WMD-Related Goods and Technologies

This technical report (MG-353) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2005 and was written by Evan S. Medeiros. China�s export controls on equipment, materials, and technologies used to produce weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have evolved significantly since the early 1980s. This monograph examines the structure and operation of the Chinese government�s system of controls on exports that could be used in the production of WMD and WMD-related delivery systems. The author identifies the key organizations involved in export control decisionmaking, relevant laws and regulations, and the interactions among government organizations involved in vetting sensitive exports. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (CBACI)

Based in Washington DC, the CBACI's aim is to provide training, programs and publications based on addressing global security and stability challenges. Its focus is on banning chemical and biological weapons. The site offers full text publications on nuclear biological and chemical terrorism, including the CBACI report Bioterrorism in the United States: Threat, Preparedness, and Response.

Chemical and Biological Warfare Project (SIPRI)

This is information from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The site includes chemical and biological research and documentation, project publications, and an educational module on CBW.

Defence against the Effects of Chemical Hazards: Toxicology, Diagnosis and Medical Countermeasures

This is a Research and Technology Organization (RTO)Meeting Proceeding RTO-MP-HFM-149, dated October 2007. On 8-10 October 2007 NATO representatives from 29 nations met in Edinbourgh, Scotland to attend a symposium on Defense Against the Effects of Chemical Hazards: Toxicology, Diagnosis, and Medical Countermeasures arranged by NATO/RTO/HFM. The Symposium was intended to review state-of-the-art prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic countermeasures, the increasing threat of Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) and Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs), and discuss future challenges in medical chemical defense. For purposes of summarizing the subject matter the 31 Papers, 11 Posters, and 2 Keynote addresses can be grouped into seven subject areas: NATO/National Policies, Programs and Response to WMD Use; mustard and nerve agent toxicology; diagnostics of OP exposure; toxins; OP medical treatments; operational toxicology; and future of medical countermeasures. The Symposium also addressed how these future medical countermeasures would be enhanced by state-of-the-art medical technologies. A table of contents, and the full text of the document can be accessed online in HTML format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library.

Defending the U.S. Air Transportation System Against Chemical and Biological Threats

This is a full text book made available by the National Academies Press and produced by the Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation, National Research Council. This study is concerned not only with the technologies for detecting the prescence of chemical or biological threat agents in the air transportation context, but also with the mitigation of the impacts of their potential release. The report focusses on the dispersal of threat agents in air, either in airport terminals and their boarding areas or in aircraft. Two kinds of agent release are considered: point releases of agent into open spaces and releases of agents into the inlets of terminal or aircraft heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Chapter 2 describes the threat posed by chemical and biological agents to the air transportation system, and describes a range of attack scenarios that should be considered by government and private sector planners. Concepts for defence against these attacks are explored in chapter 3. Finally chapter 4 presents the Committee's findings and recommendations regarding the role that the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) should play in the defence of air transportation spaces against chemical / biological attack. The text is available in Open Book format and there is also an executive summary which is available in PDF.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) : Microsystems Technology Office (MTO)

The MTO is one of eight technical offices in DARPA. It is concerned with the development, demonstration and transition of key solid state technologies. The web site lists contacts, describes MTO programmes, and provides links to the text of open and closed solicitations. The publications section provides access to the report of a Chemical and Biological Sensor Standards Study. The archives section contains details of past programmes, solicitations, workshops and publications.

Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)

DTRA provides information on weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which include chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high explosives weapons, in order to reduce and prepare for the future threat. The site contains information about DTRA; related links; news and links to related documents; and sections which include images, details on programmes and reports on cooperative threat reduction, technological development, on-site inspections, technology security, combat support and chem-bio defence.

Department of Energy Historical Films Videoclips Database

Provided by the Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). This site is a searchable and browseable database of historical nuclear weapons tests films. Each record contains a detailed description of the background to the test, and a short clip from the film can be viewed online. The complete films are available for purchase.

Deterrence : From Cold War to Long War Lessons from Six Decades of RAND Research

This provides access to a Rand Organization publication written by Austin Long and dated 2008. Since its inception six decades ago, the RAND Corporation has been one of the key institutional homes for the study of deterrence. Never a well-loved concept in the United States, deterrence lost any luster it held after the Cold War. The 2002 U.S. national-security strategy proclaimed deterrence's irrelevance for most future national-security challenges. However, the 2006 version of this strategy reversed this move, recognizing that deterrence will be as indispensable for the “long war” as it was for the Cold War. This book examines these six decades of research for lessons relevant to the current and future strategic environments. Among its conclusions are that U.S. domestic politics inevitably requires some considerable reliance on deterrence and that deterrence remains relevant to most of the threats the United States is likely to face, from near-peer competitors to regional states of concern and even to many terrorist organizations. It also makes specific recommendations about policies and force structures the United States should pursue to maximize its deterrent capabilities. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

EmergencyNet

Provided by the Emergency Response and Research Institute (ERRI). This page covers crisis, conflict and emergency service news, analysis and reference information. Subjects covered include military operations, infectious diseases, counter terrorism operations, hazardous materials and weapons of mass destruction, and disaster operations.

Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals for Screening Cargo at Ports of Entry : Interim Report

This provides access to a U.S. National Academies Press publication dated 2009. To improve screening of containerized cargo for nuclear and radiological material that might be entering the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is seeking to deploy new radiation detectors, called advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs). The ASPs are intended to replace some or all of the current system of radiation portal monitors (called PVT RPMs) used in conjunction with handheld radioisotope identifiers (RIIDs) to detect and identify radioactive material in cargo. The U.S. Congress required the Secretary of Homeland Security to certify that ASPs will provide a 'significant increase in operational effectiveness' over continued use of the existing screening devices before DHS can proceed with full-scale procurement of ASPs for deployment. Congress also directed DHS to request this National Research Council study to advise the Secretary of Homeland Security about testing, analysis, costs, and benefits of the ASPs prior to the certification decision. This interim report is based on testing done before 2008; on plans for, observations of, and preliminary results from tests done in 2008; and on the agency's draft cost-benefit analysis as of October 2008. The book provides advice on how DHS' Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) can complete and make more rigorous its ASP evaluation for the Secretary and the nation. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available to read online in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required.

Evaluation of Safety and Environmental Metrics for Potential Application at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities

This is a full text book made avaailable by National Academies Press written by Committee on Evaluation of the Safety and Environmental Metrics for Potential Application at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities; National Research Council dated 2009. By the end of 2009, more than 60 percent of the global chemical weapons stockpile declared by signatories to the Chemical Weapons Convention will have been destroyed, and of the 184 signatories, only three countries will possess chemical weapons-the United States, Russia, and Libya. In the United States, destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile began in 1990, when Congress mandated that the Army and its contractors destroy the stockpile while ensuring maximum safety for workers, the public, and the environment. The destruction program has proceeded without serious exposure of any worker or member of the public to chemical agents, and risk to the public from a storage incident involving the aging stockpile has been reduced by more than 90 percent from what it was at the time destruction began on Johnston Island and in the continental United States. At this time, safety at chemical agent disposal facilities is far better than the national average for all industries. Even so, the Army and its contractors are desirous of further improvement. To this end, the Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) asked the NRC to assist by reviewing CMA's existing safety and environmental metrics and making recommendations on which additional metrics might be developed to further improve its safety and environmental programs. [Taken from abstract]. The full text can be read online in open book format.

Federation of American Scientists Para-States

This is a directory of para-states, liberation movements, terrorist organisations, substance cartels, and other para-state entities. The directory includes the perpatrators as well as the targets of direct action. It is not just a list of terrorist organisations, and includes states which are victims as well as ones which are authors of international criminal activity. Direct action includes acts of terrorism, cyber warfare, drugs trafficking, international organised crime, and secret use of weapons of mass destruction. Each organisation is examined and its activities to date listed.

Fighting the Gray Zone : Strategy to Close the Preemption Gap

This is the full text of a paper by Joanne M. Fish, Samuel J. McCraw and Christopher J. Reddish which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 2004. What military strategy is appropriate for using force to act against such emerging threats before they are fully formed??1 We argue preemption is ill-suited for disrupting the converged threat of terrorists and rogue states pursuing WMD. Instead, we propose that a forcible counterproliferation strategy is most effective for fighting in the gray zone?. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of the paper is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Future of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent : The Strategic Context : Government Response to the Committee's Eighth Report of Session 2005–06

This is the full text of the House of Commons Defence Committee Ninth Report of Session 2005-06, HC 1558, published on 26th July 2006. The report is the Government's response to the House of Commons Defence Committee Eighth Report of Session 2005-06, HC 986, which was published on 30th June 2006. HC 986 discussed the future of the UK's strategic nuclear deterrent outside of the military and political context of the Cold War and looked at whether it is relevant in the current security environment and its role in the UK's international status. It responds to the areas on MoD engagement in discussions; the size of the UK's nuclear arsenal; the role of the nuclear deterrent; international impact; independence; future threats; the timetable for decisions and expected lifetime of warheads, ballistic missiles and submarines; the UK skills base and infrastructure; and deterrent posture.

Future of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent : The Strategic Context

This is the full text of the House of Commons Defence Committee Eighth Report of Session 2005-06, HC986, published on 30th June 2006. The report discusses the future of the UK's strategic nuclear deterrent outside of the military and political context of the Cold War and looks at whether it is relevant in the current security environment. The chapters examine the UK strategic nuclear deterrent and its components including nuclear platforms, warheads and missiles; UK nuclear posture, defence policy, and the purpose of the deterrent; the strategic nuclear deterrence and the UK's international influence; independence of the UK's nuclear deterrence and possible dependencies on the United States; current and future threats; and the substance and timing of UK decisions.

Gearing Up and Getting There. Improving Local Response to Chemical Terrorism

This technical report (RGSD-181) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2004 and was written by Brian K. Houghton. Identifies policies and organizational options at the local level that could save lives and reduce injuries from an act of chemical terrorism, using Los Angeles as a case study. Presents low-cost options in equipment, training, organization and doctrine that could improve the response to a chemical terrorist event, and examines these options in terms of budget considerations in Los Angeles. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences

This is a full text book made available by the National Academies Press and produced by the Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. The continuing threat of bioterrorism, coupled with the global spread of expertise and information in biotechnology and biological manufacturing processes, have raised concerns about how advancing technological prowess could enable the creation and production of new threats of biological origin possessing unique and dangerous but largely unpredictable characteristics. The Committee was constituted to examine current trends and future objectives of research in the life sciences, as well as technologies convergent with the life sciences enterprise from other disciplines such as materials science and nanotechnology, that may enable the development of a new generation of biological threats over the next five to ten years, with the aim of identifying ways to anticipate, identify and mitigate these dangers. This is a prepublication version of the report. The text is available in Open Book format and there is also an executive summary which is available in PDF.

Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation

The Harvard Sussex Program (HSP) is an international collaborative programme of research, communication and training to advance understanding of policy issues associated with chemical and biological warfare (CBW), to promote the global elimination of CBW weapons, and to strengthen the constraints against hostile uses of biomedical technologies. This site provides information concerning papers and publications, and the Pugwash Study Group (on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions). There is also information on chemical and biological warfare treaties, and the Geneva protocol. There are also links to other related CBW sites.

High Energy Weapons Archive

This site is linked to the federation of American Scientists web site and contains information on all aspects of Nuclear Weapons. It lists nuclear arsenals by country, and has a database listing all nuclear weapons. There are links to other nuclear-related web sites, publication and product reviews and historical information on nuclear weapons. There is also an FAQ page.

Improvised Nuclear Devices and Nuclear Terrorism

This gives access to a Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission(WMDC)paper prepared by Charles D. Ferguson and William C. Potter, dated 2004. The WMDC is an independent international commission initiated by the Swedish Government on a proposal from the United Nations. Its task to present proposals aimed at the greatest possible reduction of the dangers of weapons of mass destruction, including both short-term and long-term approaches and both non-proliferation and disarmament aspects. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Intelligence on Iraq

This site is maintained by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and provides access to a collection of documents relating to the controversy surrounding weapons of mass destruction and the war against Saddam Hussein and Iraq in 2002/3. A particular focus is on whether the British and American governments 'sexed up' intelligence dossiers in order to justify the war. The site includes speeches, press releases, transcripts and papers from Carnegie scholars on these issues. It also includes links to the key US and British government intelligence files, official enquiries such as the Hutton Report and commentary from other agencies. There are links to lots of information on Iraq.

Iraq Intelligence?

This BBC site provides access to a transcript of an interview with Hans Blix, former UN weapons Inspector in Iraq. It was an interview conducted by Sir David Frost and transmitted on Breakfast with Frost on 8th February 2004. It discusses Mr Blix's opinion on whether weapons of mass destruction were held by Saddam Hussein in Iraq prior to the 2003 war.

Joint Bradford - SIPRI Chemical and Biological Warfare Project

Hosted by the University of Bradford Department of Peace Studies in the School of Social and International Studies. This site combines the SIPRI Chemical and Biological Warfare Project and the Bradford Project on Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and Preventing Biological Warfare. The site contains video footage, full text reports and papers. It also provides links to the home page for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford.

Laboratory Biosafety Manual

This site provides access to the third edition of the World Health Organisation Laboratory Biosafety Manual, published in 2004. The manual is available to download in pdf format in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Chinese, Russian and Italian. It provides practical guidance on biosafety techniques for use in laboratories and has been revised to include risk assessment and biosecurity matters.

Laboratory Biosecurity Implementation Guidelines

This is the full text pdf version of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Department 6928, Sandia National Laboratories report, SAND2005 2348P, published in April 2005. The report provides guidance to bioscience facilities on the implementation of laboratory biosecurity concepts that were outlined in the 2004 third edition of the World Health Organisation's Laboratory Biosafety Manual, LBM. The report discusses the risk posed by natural and deliberate outbreaks of highly infectious diseases, laboratory biosaftey and laboratory biosecurity, risk, physical security, personnel management, material control and accountability, and programme management.

Libya Special Weapons: Federation of American Scientists

This site on Libya weapons is maintained by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). It provides access to brief information on Libya's weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological and nuclear) capability and programmes. It includes statements relating to the December 2003 decision by Colonel Gadafi to dismantle the programme. Links are provided to related sites.

Military Policy Awareness Links : North Korea

MiPALs are published by the National Defense University for the Military Education Research Library Network, MERLN. It provides links to full text documents and resources with a primary focus on United States military policy towards North Korea, or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). The topics covered include general background information; United States policy; the Department of Defense; Department of State; US Congress; current news; human rights and refugees; the nuclear weapons programme; politics and government; reunification; terrorism; research and analysis; news sources and online journals; and web gateways. The MiPAL can be browsed or searched and an RSS feed is available.

Military Technology and International Security (SIPRI)

This page has information about the current work that the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute is carrying out in this area, including missile and nuclear weapons proliferation, and military technology and the risk of war. Completed research and details of research underway are available.

Multilaterals Project

The Multilaterals Project, begun in 1992, is an ongoing project at the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts to make available the texts of international multilateral conventions and other instruments. Although the project was initiated to improve public access to environmental agreements, the collection today also includes treaties in the fields of human rights, commerce and trade, laws of war and arms control, and other areas. Although the vast majority of texts date from the second half of this century, the collection also includes historical texts, from the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia to the Covenant of the League of Nations. The site covers multilateral conventions which are organised by subject(Atmosphere and Space, Flora and Fauna -- Biodiversity, Cultural Protection, Diplomatic Relations, General, Human Rights, Marine and Coastal, Other Environmental, Trade and Commercial Relations, Rules of Warfare; Arms Control). It is also possible to reach information from the United Nations Treaty Collection database.

NBC Links

This site provides a comprehensive collection of links to sites concerning nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. These are divided into areas including NBC warfare, chemistry and chemical engineering, conferences, domestic preparedness and terrorism and the Gulf War. There are also links to details on general NBC defence information, graphics and links to other NBC sites, plus medical information, NBC defence equipment and organisations. Links are given to professional development, proliferation and disarmament, smoke and obscurants, publications and threat informaiton.

North Korea Profile

This is a country profile from the Nuclear Threat Initiative, NTI. It contains background information on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea missile crisis and nuclear, biological and chemical programme including capabilities, facilities, a chronology of events and details of imports and exports. There are also further resources including maps, issue briefs, details of the status of the DPRK's participation in organisations and treaties such as the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, and links to related web sites and publications.

North Korea Special Weapons Guide

Provided by the Federation of American Scientists, this is a comprehensive guide to North Korea's weapons of mass destruction. There is information and specifications on its ballistic missiles; nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programmes; details and locations of special weapons facilities; military doctrine and defence policy of the DPRK; and details of the organisation of special weapons agencies. There are also links to the sources and resources that the information within the web site came from.

North Korea's Missile Programme

Provided by the BBC News web site, this article provides information on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea missile development and testing programmes and gives an overview of possible missiles in their arsenal and their ranges. The site also links to further news stories related to North Korea under the heading North Korea : Secret State and covers missile tests and international relations, the nuclear programme, a country and leadership profile, and links to related Internet links.

Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century

Provided by the Federation of American Scientists, this web site contains information and resources on nuclear weapons and related subjects including; radiological weapons or dirty bombs; next generation nuclear weapons and bunker busters; nuclear non proliferation and verification; nuclear missions and forces; and nuclear testing. There are also links to full text documents which look at Bush administration nuclear policy; a nuclear weapons effects calculator and a tutorial on the role of gas centrifuges in proliferation.

Overcoming Challenges to Develop Countermeasures Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents : Appropriate Use of Animal Models

This is a full text book made available by National Academies Press written by Committee on Animal Models for Testing Interventions Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents, National Research Council and dated 2006. The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Summary Incidents involving the dissemination of Bacillus anthracis and ricin through the U.S. postal service beginning in 2001 have led the federal government to focus attention on the importance of developing countermeasures1 to agents of bioterrorism. The President’s 2006 federal budget included $4.2 billion for the Department of Health and Human Services to address bioterrorism. $1.7 billion of that request was slated for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to accelerate the development of new and improved countermeasures against potential agents of bioterrorism (DHHS 2005). The NIAID’s Strategic Plan for Biodefense Research (2002) recognizes that bioterrorism agents2 dispersed in aerosol form have the greatest potential to cause widespread disease. Therefore, NIAID’s Strategic Plan gives highest priority to developing countermeasures to those bioterrorism agents that have a high infectivity in aerosol form (NIAID 2002). Since, during the course of studying bioterrorism agents, it is not ethically appropriate to deliberately expose human subjects to bioterrorism agents, development of countermeasures relies on the ability of the scientific community to adequately test the effectiveness of countermeasures in animal models. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available to read online in open book format.

Potential Military Chemical / Biological Agents and Compounds

This is a United States joint forces publication (Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force), dated January 2005. It provides a technical reference for chemical / biological (CB) agents and related compounds. It explains the use, classification and physical, chemical, and physiological properties of these agents and compounds. The document has been compiled specifically for use by nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) / chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) staff officers, NBC noncommissioned officers (NCOs), staff weather officers (SWOs), NBC medical defence officers, medical readiness officers, medical intelligence officers, field medical treatment officers, and others involved in planning battlefield operations in an NBC environment. The technical information furnished provides data that can be used to support operational assessments based on intelligence preparation of the battlespace.

Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism

This site provides access to the full text pdf version of the Council on Foreign Relations Special Report number 11 written by Charles D. Ferguson and published in March 2006. The report discusses the threat of nuclear terrorist attacks and what counterterrorism measures need to be undertaken by the United States and the international community in order to prevent the buying, theft or manufacture of nuclear weapons or nuclear materials.

Proliferation Security Initiative : What comes next?

This is the full text of a thesis written by Colonel David Simon USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS), Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in April 2005. This Air University research paper is an examination of the Proliferation Security Initiative. Through extensive research and review of academic journals, governmental sources, and press reporting, combined with interviews of relevant personnel in the Departments of Defense and State, the Proliferation Security Initiative is chronicled from its inception in early 2002 through the latest multinational exercises. Special attention is given to the guidelines governing participation in PSI and the key issues – legal authorities and intelligence sharing – relevant to PSI operations. PSI’s real-world success in the interdiction of BBC China and the subsequent decision by Libya to surrender its WMD program is covered as well. Most importantly for an Air Force audience, the progression of PSI to the arena of air interdiction is described along with a brief description of how an air interdiction might play out and what complications it might bring. Finally, PSI is recognized as a small part in the overall US effort to counter WMD but an important part in rebuilding bilateral and multinational relationships. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF formate and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Review of International Technologies for Destruction of Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel

This is a full text book made available by National Academies Press written by Committee on Review and Evaluation of International Technologies for the Destruction of Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, National Research Council and dated 2006. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate technologies developed or refined outside the United States that could be useful in future non-stockpile chemical warfare materiel recovery and destruction operations conducted by the U.S. Army. Candidate technologies could offer complementary capabilities or even replace current equipment or approaches. The statement of task for this study charged the Committee on Review and Evaluation of International Technologies for the Destruction of Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel with evaluating international systems, facilities, and disposal technologies currently employed or under development in countries that need them for the treatment and destruction of inventories of non-stockpile materiel. The committee was to compare those international technologies with the technologies used in the current U.S. non-stockpile chemical weapon recovery and destruction program (which are described in Chapter 1). In early committee meetings, the U.S. Army’s non-stockpile staff also asked the committee to report on any promising international technologies for assessment of chemical weapon burial sites and the assessment of recovered chemical munitions. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available online in open book format.

Separatist, Para-Military, Military, Intelligence and Aid Organizations

This web site has grown from a network security consulting project into a list of terrorist organisations who make use of the internet (or at least have an internet presence) and ultimately includes freedom fighters on the side of good, and quasi-national groups as well as the military professionals and aid organisations of the title. There is a warning on the site that some organisations or government bodies who check http traffic may be averse to their employees exploring such sites.

Strategy in the Missile Age

This book (CB-137-1) was produced by The RAND Corporation in 2007 and was written by Bernard Brodie. Strategy in the Missile Age was written during the dawn of the nuclear age, when the advent of intercontinental ballistic missiles necessitated a massive rethinking of military strategy and power. Originally published in 1959, it retains ample relevance today for its discussion of the origins of air power, its cornerstone position in the evolution of Cold War era nuclear strategy, and its treatment of preventive and preemptive attacks, deterrence, and the economics of strategy. Brodie, who believed nuclear war was “unthinkable,” thought much about the unthinkable and helped provide an intellectual framework for avoiding a nuclear catastrophe. Nearly fifty years after its initial publication, and to celebrate RAND’s 60th Anniversary, RAND is proud to bring this classic work back into print in paperback and digital formats. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Terror's Sword of Damocles Nuclear Weapons in Fourth Generation Warfare

This is the full text of a paper by John R. Ingham which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 2004. On 9/11, a poorly equipped but highly resourceful non-state armed group (NSAG) utilized unconventional methods and instruments to catastrophically attack history�s most powerful of nation states. Whether this tragic day heralded in the next generation of warfare�the fourth�is left for others to debate. This paper is founded upon the supposition that a revolution in military affairs has occurred. President Bush declared the �highest priority� security threat facing the nation is terrorist possession of weapons of mass destruction. This research addresses the following issues related to this threat: Does the current U.S. strategy of strengthening nonproliferation regimes resolve the long-term nuclear threat posed by NSAGs? If it does not, should the United States modify its nuclear posture in response to this fourth-generation threat? Through an analysis of current U.S. national strategies and NSAGs� stated intentions, this research will show that the nuclear doctrine of NSAGs is antithetical to the nuclear doctrine of nation states. As such, it is imperative that the United States separately assesses the risk and utility of nuclear weapons in fourth generation warfare. This recommendation must then be reconciled with the nuclear posture required to deter and respond to third generation state conflict. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of the paper is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Terrorism : Perspectives from the Behavioral and Social Sciences

This provides access to a National Academies Press publication dated 2002. The events and aftermath of September 11, 2001, profoundly changed the course of history of the nation.They also brought the phenomenon known as terrorism to the forefront of the nation’s consciousness. As it became thus focused, the limits of scientific understanding of terrorism and the capacity to develop policies to deal with it became even more evident. The objective of this report is to bring behavioral and social science perspectives to bear on the nature, determinants, and domestic responses to contemporary terrorism as a way of making theoretical and practical knowledge more adequate to the task. It also identifies areas of research priorities for the behavioral and social sciences. [Taken from abstract]. The full text can be read online in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

The Anthrax Letters : A Medical Detective Story

This site provides access to the full text of the book written by Leonard A. Cole and published by Joseph Henry Press (an imprint of the National Academies Press) in 2003. The book is a narrative of the anthrax letter bioterrorism attacks in the United States of America in 2001. It is based on interviews with surviving inhalation-anthrax victims, and the scientists, researchers and doctors who were the first responders to the attacks.

The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm

This site provides access to the full text book edited by Colonel (Dr.) Jim A. Davis and Dr. Barry R. Schneider, published by the United States Air Force Counterproliferation Center (USAF CPC) in April 2002. The chapters look at whether the United States is prepared for a biological warfare attack; public health response to bioterrorism; the threat from anthrax and smallpox; the biocruise threat; and next generation biological weapons.

The Global Technology Revolution 2020, Executive Summary

This technical report (MG-475-NIC) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2006 and was written by Richard Silberglitt, Philip S. Anton, David R. Howell, Anny Wong, S. R. Bohandy, Natalie Gassman, Brian A. Jackson, Eric Landree, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, Elaine M. Newton and Felicia Wu. In 2020, areas of particular importance for technology trends will include biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials technology, and information technology. The authors of this report assessed a sample of 29 countries across the spectrum of scientific advancement (low to high) with respect to their ability to acquire and implement 16 key technology applications (e.g., cheap solar energy, rural wireless communications, genetically modified crops). The study’s major conclusions are that scientifically advanced countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan will be able to implement all key technology applications evaluated; countries that are not scientifically advanced will have to develop significant capacity and motivation before barriers to technology implementation can be overcome; and public policy issues in certain areas will engender public debate and strongly influence technology implementation. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

The Global Technology Revolution 2020, In-Depth Analyses. Bio/Nano/Materials/Information Trends, Drivers, Barriers, and Social Implications

This technical report (TR-303-NIC) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2006 and was written by Richard Silberglitt, Philip S. Anton, David R. Howell, Anny Wong, Natalie Gassman, Brian A. Jackson, Eric Landree, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, Elaine M. Newton and Felicia Wu. In 2020, areas of particular importance for technology trends will include biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials technology, and information technology. The authors of this report assessed a sample of 29 countries across the spectrum of scientific advancement (low to high) with respect to their ability to acquire and implement 16 key technology applications (e.g., cheap solar energy, rural wireless communications, genetically modified crops). The study’s major conclusions are that scientifically advanced countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan will be able to implement all key technology applications evaluated; countries that are not scientifically advanced will have to develop significant capacity and motivation before barriers to technology implementation can be overcome; and public policy issues in certain areas will engender public debate and strongly influence technology implementation. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Triage for Civil Support. Using Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks

This technical report (MG-217-OSD) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2004 and was written by Gary Cecchine, Michael A. Wermuth, Roger C. Molander, K. Scott McMahon, Jesse D. Malkin, Jennifer Brower, John D. Woodward and Donna F. Barbisch. Even before September 11, 2001, threat assessments suggested that the United States should prepare to respond to terrorist attacks inside its borders. This monograph examines the use of military medical assets to support civil authorities in the aftermath of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or conventional high explosives attack inside the United States. The authors focus on key questions, including under what circumstances military medical assets could be requested and what assets are likely to be requested. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Trinity Atomic Web Site

This site gives a history of nuclear weapons, through historical archives (documents, photos and video). A large body of US Government information was used to create the site. Information is available about the Trinity atomic tests, Hiroshima, Nagasaki and nuclear weapon physics & technology. Details are also given on the effects of nuclear weapons and nuclear war, atmospheric testing, civil defence and criticality & radiation accidents. There is a gallery of test photos and Los Alamos National Laboratory Publications On-line. Links are also available to other related onlne sources, plus an annotated bibliography.

U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces : Background, Developments, and Issues

This provides access to a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report No.RL33640 prepared by Amy F. Woolf and dated September 2006. During the Cold War, the U.S. nuclear arsenal contained many types of delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons. The longer range systems, which included long-range missiles based on U.S. territory, long-range missiles based on submarines, and heavy bombers that could threaten Soviet targets from their bases in the United States, are known as strategic nuclear delivery vehicles. At the end of the Cold War, in 1991, the United States deployed more than 10,000 warheads on these delivery vehicles. That number has declined to around 6,000 warheads today, and is slated, under the 2002 Moscow Treaty, to decline to 2,200 warheads by the year 2012. At the present time, the U.S. land-based ballistic missile force (ICBMs) consists of 500 Minuteman III ICBMs, each deployed with between one and three warheads, for a total of 1,200 warheads. The Air Force recently deactivated all 50 of the 10- warhead Peacekeeper ICBMs; it plans to eventually deploy Peacekeeper warheads on some of the Minuteman ICBMs. The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) report also indicated that it planned to eliminate 50 of the Minuteman III missiles, leaving a force of 450 missiles that would carry, perhaps, 500-600 warheads. The Air Force is also modernizing the Minuteman missiles, replacing and upgrading their rocket motors, guidance systems, and other components. The Air Force had expected to begin replacing the Minuteman missiles around 2018, but has decided, instead, to continue to modernize and maintain the existing missiles. The U.S. ballistic missile submarine fleet currently consists of 14 Trident submarines; each carries 24 Trident II (D-5) missiles. The Navy has converted 4 of the original 18 Trident submarines to carry non-nuclear cruise missiles. The remaining submarines currently carry around 2,000 warheads in total, a number that may decline by a few hundred as the United States implements the Moscow Treaty. The Navy has shifted the basing of the submarines, so that 9 are deployed in the Pacific Ocean and 5 are in the Atlantic, to better cover targets in and around Asia. It also has undertaken efforts to extend the life of the missiles so that they and the submarines can remain in the fleet past 2020. The U.S. fleet of heavy bombers currently includes 21 B-2 bombers and 94 B-52 bombers. The B-1 bomber no longer is equipped for nuclear missions. The QDR recommended that the Air Force reduce the B-52 fleet to 56 aircraft. The Air Force has argued that this number is sufficient to meet conventional warfighting needs; there is little discussion about a continuing nuclear role for the U.S. bomber fleet. As Congress reviews the Bush Administration’s plans for U.S. strategic nuclear forces, it may review a number of questions about the future size of that force. For example, some have questioned why the United States must retain 2,200 strategic nuclear warheads. Congress may also question the Administration’s plans for reductions in the Minuteman force and B-52 fleet. This report will be updated as needed. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism

This is a full text book made available by National Academies Press written by Committee on Opportunities for U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia, National Research Council and dated 2007. Packaging conventional explosives with radioactive material and detonating this radiological dispersal device (RDD) to kill and terrorize people—the “dirty bomb” scenario—is, unfortunately, readily within the means of some terrorist groups. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reports that radioactive material needed to build an RDD can be found in almost any country in the world, and more than 100 countries may not have adequate control and monitoring programs to prevent or even detect the theft of these materials. The agency also reports numerous incidents of illicit trafficking in radioactive materials, including ionizing radiation sources (IRSs) used in medical, agricultural, and industrial applications. Potential links of such trafficking with international criminal organizations heighten the concern about these materials falling into the hands of terrorists, who could use them in RDDs or in other ways to threaten populations. These concerns are sufficiently serious that they have been a focus of several initiatives announced by the leaders of the G-8 governments at recent summit meetings. Given these developments, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requested the National Research Council (NRC) to carry out an assessment of the threats posed by inadequately protected IRSs in Russia. The assessment was to lead to recommendations that could enhance the effectiveness of DOE’s current cooperative program with Russia to reduce the threat posed by inadequately secured IRSs in Russia. This program began in 2003 in recognition that, after the United States, Russia has the world’s largest inventory of IRSs and a number of aspects in the security. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available to read online in open book format.

Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

Launched in December 2003 and chaired by Dr Hans Blix, the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, WMDC, was established on an initiative by the late Foreign Minister of Sweden, Anna Lindh, acting on a proposal by then United Nations Under Secretary General Jayantha Dhanapala. The mission of the WMDC is to identify proposals for international cooperation on non proliferation, arms control and threat reduction of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological weapons and the means of delivering them. The Commission is also concerned with possible links between these issues and terrorists. The web site contains details on the Commission including its mandate, commissioners, funding and secretariat; details of meetings, seminars and conferences; full text papers and studies produced by the WMDC; and the full text of the final report Weapons of Terror : Freeing the World of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Arms.

Weapons of Terror : Freeing the World of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Arms

This is the full text pdf version of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission report, presented to the United Nations by Commission Chairman Dr. Hans Blix on 1st June 2006. The report discusses disarmament and non proliferation issues and contains sixty recommendations on how to free the world of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. The chapters cover: reviving disarmament; weapons of terror threats and responses; nuclear weapons; biological and toxin weapons; chemical weapons; delivery means, missile defences and weapons in space; export controls, international assistance and non governmental actors; compliance, verification, enforcement and the role of the United Nations; and recommendations from the WMDC.

What Happened to Russia's Nuclear Weapons? : A Primer

This is a thesis presented by Major Paul Barney (USAF) dated April 2005. The Cold War generated great interest in the nuclear arsenals of both involved major world powers late in the 20th Century. When the Soviet Union broke apart, concern lingered over the safety and future of those atomic arms, whose deterioration was symptomatic of the Red state’s failures. This paper examines the new “Russian” nuclear forces, their evolving situation and doctrine for their employment. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

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