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Foreign policy

"The Malacca Dilemma" : Countering China's "String of Pearls" with Land-Based Airpower

This the full text of a thesis by Major Lawrence Spinetta (USAF) dated June 2006. China is strengthening diplomatic ties and building naval bases along the sea lanes from the Middle East. This “String of Pearls” strategy is designed to protect its energy security, negate US influence in the region, and project power overseas. China is rapidly building a blue-water navy, developing advanced missile technology, and stockpiling undersea mines to counter US Navy capabilities, especially in the event of a conflict over Taiwan. To counter China’s growing naval power, the United States can exploit a critical vulnerability—China’s dependence on sea lines of communication. Eighty percent of China’s oil imports pass through the Strait of Malacca; the Chinese leadership calls this strategic weakness the “Malacca Dilemma.” In conjunction with naval forces, land-based airpower offers a promising way to control key maritime chokepoints and trade routes. Land-based airpower proved a decisive maritime force in the war against Japanese shipping during World War II. China, like Japan at the start of WWII, is a rising Asiatic power with similar resource aspirations. Historical evidence suggests land-based airpower can control the littorals and cut China’s “String of Pearls.” Unfortunately, Air Force maritime capabilities have atrophied. Countersea will remain an underdeveloped Air Force mission until it is elevated from a collateral mission. In order for the US armed forces to develop a joint maritime force, the Air Force needs to embrace, fund, and train for maritime operations. Additionally, the United States should strengthen strategic partnerships within the region and create a web of austere, forward-operating bases. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

A More Secure World : Our Shared Responsibility : Report of the Secretary General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change

Published in December 2004 by the United Nations, this report sets out the UN's vision for collective security in the twenty first century and looks at threats to international security, policies for prevention, response to threats and the use of military force, how the UN can meet 21st century needs, and the future. Part one looks at building a new security consensus including the case for collective security, limits of self protection and sovereignty. Part two looks at collective security and the challenge of prevention including poverty, conflict between and within states, nuclear biological radiological and chemical weapons, terrorism, transnational organised crime and sanctions. Part three coverscolelctive security and the use of force including legality, legitimacy, peacekeeping and post conflict peacebuilding. Part four looks at how to make and organisationally more effective UN. The report is available in English, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish.

America's War on Terrorism

This site is provided by the Federation of American Scientists, FAS. It provides resources to aid in the analysis of emerging security policy and counter terrorism doctrine which have been brought about as a result of the 11th September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. The site is divided into five topic areas: anti terrorism and the arms trade; information security; strategy and weaponry; technology for training against terror; terrorism and WMD.

American Grand Strategy After 9/11 : An Assessment

This is the full text pdf version of a Strategic Studies Institute monograph published in April 2005 and written by Dr Stephen Biddle. It looks at the United States grand strategy and American national security policy since September 2001; American interests in the post 9/11 world; threats to American interests; the War on Terrorism and counter terrorism strategy; and resolving the ambiguities in American grand strategy through using either rollback or containment.

Anti Terror Measures at US Nuclear Plants

Written by Eban Kaplan and published by the Council on Foreign Relations in April 2006. The paper looks at concern over the security of United States nuclear facilities following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It looks at why nuclear plants are attractive targets for terrorists; who is responsible for securing facilities; what security measures are in place and whether they are adequate.

Asia-Pacific Center For Security Studies

The Asia-Pacific Center For Security Studies (APSS) is based in Hawaii. It is an independent research institute and specialises in the study of security in the Asia- Pacific region. It also focuses on US foreign policy towards nations in the Asia. Its web site provides information on the aims of the centre and its current activities. It includes free access to some of its working papers, reports and newsletters, these cover regional security in the post- 99/11 era. Nations covered include: Indonesia, China, Japan, North Korea, Iraq and Taiwan. Users should note that some papers are in pdf format and therefore require access to an Adobe Acrobat Reader for use.

Bearers of Global Jihad? Immigration and National Security After 9/11

This is the full text pdf version of the monograph written by Robert S. Leiken, published in 2004. It provides an analysis of the relationship between immigration and terrorism in the United States and western Europe. The chapters look at the convergence of immigration and national security, Islamism and Jihadism, Islamic networks, Jihad and immigration in western Europe, post September 11th measures and revived dangers in western Europe, and policy issues.

Biological Weapons Convention: Collection of National Implementation Legislation

This is an online database of national legislation relating to the implementation of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). The database is composed by an independent research organisation (VERTIC) who specialise in the verification and monitoring of international agreements. The database is organised alphabetically by country with references to the relevant laws and links to the full text where available. The site gives background information to the BWC and the compilation of the database. There are also links to related resources including the questionnaire used to compile the data, the final report produced by VERTIC called Time to lay down the law: national legislation to enforce the BWC and the text of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention.

Bounding the Global War on Terrorism

This pdf report was written by Dr Jeffrey Record, and published by the US Army War College, Security Studies Institute in December 2003. The report examines the three years of the War on Terror, since its inception in September 2001. It focuses on three areas; the American administraion's postulation of the terrorist threat, the scope and feasability of the United States' war aims, and the war's fiscal, political and military sustainability. The author calls for a bounding of the war on terror and reducing its scope to more accurately reflect US security interests and to bring clarity and clear objectives to the mission.

Building Moderate Muslim Networks

This technical report (MG-574-SRF) was produced by The RAND Corporation in 2007 and was written by Angel Rabasa, Cheryl Benard, Lowell H. Schwartz and Peter Sickle. Radical and dogmatic interpretations of Islam have gained ground in recent years in many Muslim societies via extensive Islamist networks spanning the Muslim world and the Muslim diaspora communities of North America and Europe. Although a majority throughout the Muslim world, moderates have not developed similar networks to amplify their message and to provide protection from violence and intimidation. With considerable experience fostering networks of people committed to free and democratic ideas during the Cold War, the United States has a critical role to play in leveling the playing field for Muslim moderates. The authors derive lessons from the U.S. and allied Cold War network-building experience, determine their applicability to the current situation in the Muslim world, assess the effectiveness of U.S. government programs of engagement with the Muslim world, and develop a "road map" to foster the construction of moderate Muslim networks. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Canada's International Policy Statement : A Role of Pride and Influence in the World

This site provides the full text of Canada's Defence Policy Statement in html and pdf format. Published in May 2005, it sets out Canada's global engagement vision. The statement is the first review of Canadian defence policy in over a decade and presents a new vision for Canadian forces in the post Cold War and post September 11th security environment. The chapters look at the international security environment at the start of the twenty first century; a new vision for Canadian forces and military transformation; national security and homeland defence for Canada and Canadian citizens; the Canada United States defence relationship; and the international security context.

Canadian American Strategic Review

Provided by Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, CASR provides information and a forum for discussion on Canadian defence policy, foreign policy and Canadian US relations. The site contains policy papers and articles on: defence budget and procurement practices; Canada US relations and military cooperation; coastal defence, maritime and port security; border patrol and homeland security; threat assessments and US foreign policy. There is also a DND 101 section which provides brief information and images of major land, air and naval forces equipment.

Canadian Institute of International Affairs

The CIIA was founded in 1928 and is a not-for-profit non governmental organisation. Its mission it to provide a forum for the study and discussion of Canada's foreign policy and international affairs. The webiste provides information on the CIIA including its mission and history, programs and activities and the full text of proceedings from past foreign policy conferences, reports and speeches.

Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies

The CISS was established in 1976 and is an independent not-for-profit organisation concerned with the analysis of contemporary defence, security and strategic issues. Its aim is to provide a forum for the promotion and stimulation of research into major international and national events and issues which affect Canada. The website provides information on the CISS, a commentary on international and national military and strategic issues, a listing of events and news and details of recent publications.

China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles : Policy Issues

This is the full text pdf version of RL31555, a CRS Report for Congress last updated on 2nd August 2006 and written by Shirley A. Kan. It looks at the People's Republic of China, PRC, development of weapons of mass destruction, WMD, and missiles to deliver them, and the US foreign policy response to weapons proliferation. The report covers PRC proliferation challenges; nuclear and missile technology sales to Pakistan, Iran, Lybia, Syria and Iraq; North Korea's nuclear and missile programmes; foreign and defence policies; economic controls; and nonproliferation and arms control.

China's New Relationships with its Neighbours

This is the full text of a thesis by Lt. Col. Michael Joy which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 2004. Project's significance: The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has figured in the strategic calculus of the United States since the defeat of the Nationalist forces in 1949. As the PRC struggles with internal change it is reaching out to the region, and its success bears directly on US policy, force structure, and influence in the Asia Pacific. This study examines the PRC?s relationships focusing primarily on Northeast and Southeast Asia. The primary research method is an open source search covering the history of the PRC and its foreign policy tenets since Mao's death. Findings and Conclusion: In the last couple of years, China's economic capabilities have multiplied, expanding its international interactions. As theory predicts, China is converting a portion of its economic gain into military improvements, but the security gains are modest and specifically focused on hampering any US cross-straits response. The PRC's pragmatic decision to accommodate US military power while focusing on a daunting array of domestic priorities is likely to restrain PRC defense improvements for the foreseeable future. This study shows that China's economic influence has had limited effects on other realms of national power. The US has not lost influence as a result of Chinese actions; however, the prestige of the United States may have suffered as a result of its own doing. The US must tend to issues important to Asians or the region may just look for another option that China would be all too happy to accommodate. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Chinese National Security Strategy : Implications for a 21st Century Air Force

This is the full text of a thesis written by Lt. Col. Kevein Wooton USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS), Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in April 2005. Examination of Chinese national security issues is incomplete without a frame of reference that includes Chinese dynastic history, culture, and thought. Additionally, such examination requires viewing through lenses created by modern China’s economics and politics. When viewed in this holistic fashion, Chinese defense strategies and concerns, especially with respect to two extremely important and timely issues, modernization of the PLA and Taiwan, can be discerned in a clearer light, resulting in an better, if more complex, understanding of the potential for military action on behalf of China tempered by the realities and difficulties China faces in improving a military force under their worldview and, also, their political and economic restraints. Accordingly, as a part of a coordinated effort, the US Air Force can provide both significant deterrence for military action in the Pacific in the form of appropriate force deployment and employment, as well as dissuasion from a potentially perceived Chinese requirement for military action through taking a “longer view” in understanding the value of activities such as military-to-military engagement. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb page.

Coalition of the Willing ...Coalition of the Able? : Case to Reform U.S. Export Policy

This is the full text of a thesis written by Lt. Col. James Ravella USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS), Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in April 2005. The U.S. export laws have undergone minor changes, mainly directed at speeding up the export process and not since the Cold War have there been any significant changes. Since the end of the Cold War, the world, the defense industries, and the Department of Defense have undergone significant changes. The U.S. export system will have to undergo significant changes itself, more than procedural changes. The U.S. export system needs a top down review if it is to serve U.S. national interests, and adequately protect critical U.S. technology. No longer is the U.S. the sole keeper of leading edge technology, no longer is the Department of Defense relying solely on the U.S. defense industry, and no longer can the U.S. military endure long developmental cycles for weapon systems. When the Soviet Union broke up, the world entered a new era, one built not on walls but one built on bridges. This reality has changed the defense industry into an industry where mergers and acquisitions, both within national borders and across national borders, are needed to survive and compete. The U.S. military has undergone its own transformation to a leaner force with global reach built on rapid response. This force is dependent on the procurement of cutting edge technology and the development of the tactics to employ the technology. As the U.S. military reaches to a global defense industry to meet these needs, it is faced with a difficult challenge. How can the U.S. ensure its allies are capable of providing forces that are technically capable of joining the fight while balancing the ability to control the flow of critical U.S. technology? In this global environment it is obvious that our ability to form international coalitions of the willing is vital to protecting U.S. national interests. But the ability to form coalitions of the able is equally important. The U.S. must address the difficult task of maintaining control of critical technology while enabling allies to keep pace with the U.S. military. Both are vital to U.S. national security. This report will look at the current U.S. export system, past reform efforts and two factors effecting U.S. export reform, globalization of the defense industry, and the transformation of the U.S. military. Finally, current international agreements, and what application they might have to the U.S. export system will be examined. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Comprehensive Risk Analysis and Management Network

Provided by the Center for Security Studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology or ETH Zurich and run in cooperation with international partners in Sweden, Norway and Austria, the CRN is a Swiss and Swedish Internet and workshop initiative for international discussion on national security risks and vulnerabilities, critical infrastructure protection, and emergency preparedness. The web site provides details on research and activities; full text publications on risk analysis and management, critical infrastructure protection, biological terrorism and societal security and crisis management; and risk definitions and links to further related web sites.

Cost Analyses of Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan

Provided by the US Congressional Budget Office, this site provides full text documents which analyse the long term implications of defence plans and costs of military operations and other activities associated with the global war on terrorism. The documents provided cover subjects such as appropriations and the budget and economic outlook for the War on Terrorism; estimated costs of continuing operations in Iraq; the cost of post war reconstruction in Iraq; and estimated costs of continued operations in and around Afghanistan.

Council for Canadian Security in the 21st Century

The Council was established in 2001 with an aim to encourage the Canadian federal government to have a full defence review with a public consultation. The site contains full text reports and papers issued by the council and circulated in the media and the government. There are two main reports; Canadian Defence and Security in the 21st Century: To Secure a Nation: The Case for a New Defence White Paper, published in 2001 and The People's Defence Review. The site also contains research papers which cover subjects such as security policy, defence policy, arms control, research and development, and reserve forces. The site also contains articles, media coverage and reserves information.

Country Indicators for Foreign Policy

The CIFP project is a collection of international data gathered from statistical sources which convey the demography, economics, social development, environment, political climate and internal stability, military capability and risk/conflict potential of the world's countries. The statistics span from 1985-2000 and form performance indicators for 196 countries. The indicators can be viewed by year as a map; or indicators, countries, regions and years can be selected and seen in a table. The site also contains full text risk assessment reports and country briefs; and country ranking tables for the indicators from 1996-2000.

CRS Issue Brief for Congress : North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Programme

This is the full text pdf version of a Library of Congress Congressional Research Service Issue Brief, IB91141, written by Larry A. Niksch and last updated on 25th May 2006. The paper discusses North Korea's nuclear programme and United States foreign policy. It looks in particular at the Six Party talks between North Korea, South Korea, the United States, Russia, China and Japan; North Korea's nuclear programme and weapons development; and the 1994 Agreed Framework between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK, and the United States.

Dangerous But Not Omnipotent : Exploring the Reach and Limitations of Iranian Power in the Middle East

This gives access to a Rand Organization publication written by Frederic Wehrey ...[et al] and dated 2009. Following the U.S. invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, the Iranian threat to U.S. interests has taken on seemingly unprecedented qualities of aggressiveness and urgency. Added to its provocative positions on the nuclear program, support for non-state militants, and development of threatening military capabilities is the sense that Iran is trying to effect far-reaching changes on the regional and even global stage. Within this context, this report aims to provide policy planners with a new framework for anticipating and preparing for the strategic challenges Iran will present over the next ten to fifteen years. In an analysis grounded in the observation that although Iranian power projection is marked by strengths, it also has serious liabilities and limitations, this report assesses four critical areas — the Iranian regime's perception of itself as a regional and even global power, Iran's conventional military buildup and aspirations for asymmetric warfare, its support to Islamist militant groups, and its appeal to Arab public opinion. Based on this assessment, the report offers a new U.S. policy paradigm that seeks to manage the challenges Iran presents through the exploitation of regional barriers to its power and sources of caution in the regime's strategic calculus. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Dangerous Thresholds : Managing Escalation in the 21st Century

This provides access to a Rand Organization publication written by Forrest Morgan ...[et al]. Escalation is a natural tendency in any form of human competition. When such competition entails military confrontation or war, the pressure to escalate can become intense due to the potential cost of losing contests of deadly force. Cold War–era thinking about escalation focused on the dynamics of bipolar, superpower confrontation and strategies to control it. Today's security environment, however, demands that the United States be prepared for a host of escalatory threats involving not only long-standing nuclear powers, but also new, lesser nuclear powers and irregular adversaries, such as insurgent groups and terrorists. This examination of escalation dynamics and approaches to escalation management draws on historical examples from World War I to the struggle against global Jihad. It reveals that, to manage the risks of escalatory chain reactions in future conflicts, military and political leaders will need to understand and dampen the mechanisms of deliberate, accidental, and inadvertent escalation. Informing the analysis are the results of two modified Delphi exercises, which focused on a potential conflict between China and the United States over Taiwan and a potential conflict between states and nonstate actors in the event of a collapse of Pakistan's government. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Demographics and Security in Maritime Southeast Asia

This technical report (RP-1219) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2006 and was written by Brian Nichiporuk, Clifford A. Grammich, Angel Rabasa and Julie DaVanzo. With a population of about 325 million, Maritime Southeast Asia — Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore — is an area of significant economic and security interests for the United States. These interests are four fold. First, the United States seeks to maintain open sea lanes through the region, especially through the Straits of Malacca, through which much Persian Gulf oil is shipped to East Asia. Second, the moderate Islam practiced in the region can help offset radical Islamist movements elsewhere. Third, Washington seeks to prevent terrorist infrastructure from developing in the dense jungles of the region. And fourth, the United States needs to build strong strategic relationships in the region to assure access for American air and naval forces. This article analyzes how demographic factors are affecting the security environment of Southeast Asia and examines the resulting security implications for the United States. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Descriptions : Departmental Force Planning Scenarios

Linked from the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada) group site, this site contains a list of scenarios which cover conflict and operations envisioned for the Canadian Forces. These are used to assess risk, rationalise capability needs, and provide information on operations and resources considerations. There are eleven scenarios: search and rescue; disaster relief; international humanitarian assistance; surveillance and control of Canadian territory; evacuation of Canadians overseas; peacekeeping; aid to civil power; chemical weapon variant; national sovereignty; peace enforcement; defence of North America; and colelctive defence. This site is also available in French.

Dissuading Terror. Strategic Influence and the Struggle Against Terrorism

This technical report (MG-184-RC) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2005 and was written by R. Kim Cragin and Scott Gerwehr. U.S. government decisionmakers face a number of challenges as they attempt to form policies that aim to dissuade terrorists from attacking the United States, divert youths from joining terrorist groups, and persuade the leaders of states and nongovernmental institutions to withhold support for terrorists. The successes or failures of such policies and campaigns have long-lasting effects. The findings of this research help U.S. decisionmakers more closely refine how and in what circumstances strategic influence campaigns can best be applied. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

DPRK Briefing Book

Provided by the Nautilus Institute's US - DPRK Next Steps : Avoiding Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear War in Korea project. This is an online reference book on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK, the strategic implications of its nuclear weapons and missile programmes, and international relations with the United States. It contains issue briefs, critical analyses, and key reference materials on topics related to the North Korea situation including: the 1994 Agreed Framework; further agreements including KEDO, inter-Korean agreements, and withdrawal from the NPT; international relations with China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States; conventional weapons; the military; missiles; monitoring and verification; multilateral talks; nuclear weapons; sanctions; and terrorism.

ECAAR (Economists Allied For Arms Reduction)

The ECAAR is an independent group of US economists who conduct research on the economics of warfare. They aim to promote peaceful resolution of conflicts worldwide. The web site provides access to information on the aims of the body and its current activities. It includes access to recent newsletters and some full text working papers. These include economic analyses of specific conflicts, the economic cost of terrorism, the economics of the Iraq war 2003 and the war against terrorism and critical discussion of US defence and foreign policy economics.

Engaging Russia as Partner and Participant. The Next Stage of NATO-Russia Relations

This technical report (CF-203-CC) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2004 and was written by Robert E. Hunter and Sergey M. Rogov. Relations between the Russian Federation and the West have evolved steadily since the end of the Cold War. In late 2001, RAND and the Moscow-based Institute for the USA and Canada Studies created a working group that examined ways to increase cooperation between NATO and Russia. The group concluded that Russia should become more deeply involved, as an equal partner, in NATO deliberations, including in regard to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. The goal is to share responsibilities and build security across Eurasia. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Entering the Dragon's Lair. Chinese Antiaccess Strategies and Their Implications for the United States

This technical report (MG-524-AF) was produced by The RAND Corporation in 2007 and was written by Roger Cliff, Mark Burles, Michael S. Chase, Derek Eaton and Kevin L. Pollpeter. U.S. strategists have become increasingly concerned that an adversary might use “antiaccess” strategies to interfere with our ability to deploy or operate military forces overseas. The authors analyzed Chinese military-doctrinal publications to see what strategies China might employ in the event of a conflict with the United States. They then assessed how these strategies might affect U.S. military operations and identified ways to reduce these effects. It appears possible that China could use antiaccess strategies to defeat the United States in a conflict — not in the sense of destroying the U.S. military but in the sense of accomplishing China’s military and political objectives while preventing the United States from accomplishing all or some of its own. The United States can, however, take steps to counter such threats, including strengthening active and passive defenses at theater air bases, diversifying basing options for aircraft, and strengthening defenses against covert operative attack. In addition, the U.S. military needs to acquire or improve its capabilities in a number of areas, including ballistic and cruise missile defense, antisubmarine warfare, and minesweeping. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

EU Security and Defence Policy : The First Five Years (1999-2004)

This is the full text pdf version of a European Union Institute for Security Studies, EUISS, Task Force report published in August 2004, edited by Nicole Gnesotto. The report looks at European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) which the European Union has been developing since the Cologne European Council of June 1999. The report provides a critical assessment of what ESDP is and what it has achieved in its first five years. The articles within the report look at the historical perspective, how ESDP works, missions for EU military forces, European capabilities, ESDP operations and the relationship between ESDP and NATO.

European Defence : A Proposal for a White Paper

This is the full text pdf version of a European Union Institute for Security Studies, EUISS, independent Task Force report published in May 2004. The report looks at European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) and assesses European capabilities in the light of likely generic security crisis scenarios that the EU could face in the decades to come and options for strengthening capabilities if military intervention were needed at the EU level. The report outlines the international context and the new world including terrorism threats and WMD proliferation, the new enlarged Europe and EU security strategy, and the new America including US security strategy and relations with the EU. It then looks at the development of the ESDP; outlines strategic scenarios that could occur in the future such as peace support, humanitarian intervention and homeland defence; and looks at capacities for autonomous action to the scenarios, deficiencies and ways of correcting any shortfalls in capability.

European Security and Defence Policy

This is a portal from the Council of the European Union which provides access to full text documents, information, resources and web sites related to the security and defence policy of the European Union, EU. There are legal documents, press releases, fact sheets, audiovisual galleries and web links on EU police and military operations in the Western Balkans, South Caucasus, South East Asia, Middle East, and Africa. The full text of the European Security Strategy is available along with an area on ESDP support to peace and security in Africa which provides documents, EU Council conclusions, factsheets, and details of ESDP operations and EU - Africa international relations. The capabilities section provides documents and information on European Union military cooperation, civilian crisis management and the EU's emergency and crisis response capacities. There are also details of European Union permanent military and political structures; the Political and Security Committee, the European Union Military Committee, and the European Union Military Staff; and key documents. There is also a news section which contains new stories related to the ESDP, a newsletter, and reports. The portal is available in several different languages.

FACSNET : The War on Terrorism

Provided by the Foundation of American Communications (FACS), an indepenedent not-for-profit educational organisation that provides background resources for journalists to enable quality reporting and news information. This particular site is devoted to the War on Terror. The site includes papers from a FACS conference on terrorism which brought together experts on foreign policy, bioterrorism and risk; discussions on the Office of Homeland Defense and its creation; information on terrorist groups and their agendas; US foreign policy and the Middle East; the cultural and religious context to terrorism; national security and civil rights and remembering September 11 2001.

Fighting the Gray Zone : Strategy to Close the Preemption Gap

This is the full text of a paper by Joanne M. Fish, Samuel J. McCraw and Christopher J. Reddish which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 2004. What military strategy is appropriate for using force to act against such emerging threats before they are fully formed??1 We argue preemption is ill-suited for disrupting the converged threat of terrorists and rogue states pursuing WMD. Instead, we propose that a forcible counterproliferation strategy is most effective for fighting in the gray zone?. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of the paper is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Foreign and Security Policy

Personal web site provided by Tim Garden, formerly the Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, and currently a visiting professor at the Centre for Defence Studies at King's College London - he has written widely on security issues. The site provides the full text of his writings in the form of articles, reviews, books and lectures on international security, foreign policy and global politics. The site also provides links to government and official sources of Foreign and Security Policy, relevant institutes and non-government organisations involved in this area, Departments of Foreign Affairs and UK Political Parties. There are also links to news sites, European Union information, further sites of interest and a biography.

Foreign Policy Aspects of the War Against Terrorism

This is the full text pdf version of the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Report, HC 573, incorporating HC 904-I, published on 2nd July 2006. The chapters cover; the ongoing threat from terrorism including the international threat, developments in al Qaeda, public diplomacy and human rights in Guantanamo Bay; Saudi Arabia; the United Arab Emirates; Israel and Palestine; Iraq; Iran; Afghanistan; and non proliferation. The conclusions of the report are that al Qaeda remains a serious threat to the United Kingdom and its interests and that the security situation in post war Iraq has proved a powerful source of propaganda and training for international terrorists. The report also raises concerns over Iran's involvement in Iraq and its nuclear intentions; and the deterioration in security in Afghanistan.

Future North American Defense Arrangement : Applying a Canadian Defense Policy Process Model

This is the full text of a thesis written by Lt. Col. David Miller USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS), Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, in April 2005. The principal objective of this research is to inform the reader of the key aspects of and prospects for a possible bilateral Continental Defense and Security Agreement (CDSA) between the US and Canada. The approach here will be to apply a Canadian defense policy process model as a framework to analyze recent and pending Canadian government decisions with respect to North American defense. This policy model was originally formulated by US researchers to illuminate the US defense policy process and has been modified by the author as a tool for understanding the Canadian case. Areas for exploration include a brief history of the US-Canada defense relations, the lineage and evolution of the current proposal for enhanced bilateral cooperation, a summary of the current proposal for such an agreement accompanied an evaluation from the perspective of Canada, and considerations for the future. A by-product of this research is that it will provide the reader insights into past and present US-Canadian defense relations as well as a framework for understanding Canadian defense decision making. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is proivded by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Future of Nato-Russian Relations : or, how to Dance with a Bear and not get Mauled

This is the full text if a thesis by Lt. Col. Gordon Hendrickson USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SASS), Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in April 2005. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, NATO has enlarged its membership twice with countries formerly under Soviet influence and control, and the Alliance is now preparing to begin the process for a third expansion effort. During this time, Russia has watched the borders of NATO creep ever closer to its own, but has generally been powerless to prevent it. Although NATO has taken pains to include and consult with Russia regarding its actions and future plans, the Kremlin cannot reasonably be expected to continue to watch NATO’s expansion eastward without eventually pushing back hard. Without question, many significant issues and challenges must still be solved before enlarging the Alliance once again. In light of this, NATO must work rigorously to continue to keep Russia engaged in a productive and mutually beneficial relationship as both sides work through the future obstacles that inevitably will arise in the NATO-Russia relationship. I found most of my material for this project from local sources in the Washington, D.C., area, from NATO printed publications and materials, and from Internet sources. I used materials from all sides of the problem and from all significant parties involved. Although the relationship is continuing to evolve, my research led me to conclude that, in order to keep Russia reassured and working productively with NATO, there are a number of concrete actions the Alliance can and must take to avoid squandering the historic opportunity before it. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform

The GFN-SSR is a project funded by the UK Government's Global Conflict Prevention Pool. Its objectives are to facilitate policy development, assist capacity building and build an information repository for security sector reform initiatives. It is based at Cranfield University's Shrivenham campus, which is part of the UK Defence Academy. The site contains information about GFN-SSR, news about its activities and information on its projects. There is a searchable database describing documents on security sector reform topics; an organisations database containing links to institutions in this sector; and a worldwide calendar of events. The site can also be browsed by themes such as armed forces, governance, intelligence and small arms control which points the user to relevant documents, events and orgnaisations in that area. The network also produces its own publications which are available via the site. These include the Journal of Security Sector Management, which publishes articles on demobilisation, disarmament and defence diplomacy; and GFN-SSR Papers, which cover research papers, scoping studies, country analyses and briefing papers.

Government Views of Iraq

Provided by Grace-Ellen McCrann, Chief Government Documents Division, City College of New York. This site contains cross-referenced links to online primary resources about Iraq. The site covers the history of conflict in Iraq, providing links on the Gulf War, the Iran-Iraq War and the 2003 War, U.N. Resolutions, Geneva Conventions and international treaties. The focus of the site is US Government documents and information including Congressional Hearings, Federal Agency reports, press conferences, legislation, Presidential communications and USAID fact sheets.

Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups : A Manual for Practitioners

Provided by ReliefWeb and published by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in January 2006, this manual provides the tools to make a structured approach to humanitarian negotitations with armed groups in order to protect vulnerable groups, safeguard humanitarian space and improve respect for international law in times of armed conflict. The chapters cover; humanitarian negotiations motivations and partners; framing negotiations; working towards more effective negotiations; and negotiating on specific issues.

India and Pakistan 07

Website provided by the BBC to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Partition; the creation of the two nations India and Pakistan in 1947 and independence from British rule. It is divided into three main sections: History, Culture and Communities. It provides links to news stories, radio broadcasts and television programmes about the two nations and their relationship; conflicts and wars; partition and independence which can be watched and listened to online.

Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities

This provides access to a Rand Organization publication written by Keith Crane, Rollie Lal and Jeffrey Martini dated 2008. Iran is one of the United States' most important foreign policy concerns. It has also been an extraordinarily difficult country with which to engage. Ironically, while the leadership has been hostile to the United States, Iranian society has evolved in ways friendly to the United States and U.S. interests. This monograph assesses current political, ethnic, demographic, and economic trends and vulnerabilities in Iran. For example, the numbers of young people entering the Iranian labor force are at an all-time high. The authors then provide recommendations for U.S. policies that might foster trends beneficial to U.S. interests. For example, greater use of markets and a more-vibrant private sector would contribute to the development of sources of political power independent from the current regime. The authors finally note a need for patience. Even if favorable trends take root, it will take time for them to come to fruition. [Takenb from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Iraq Study Group Report

This site provides access to the full text pdf version of the report produced by the Iraq Study Group and published by Vintage Books on 6th December 2006. The report looks at United States policy in Iraq and calls for a new approach to the situation. The first part of the report provides an assessment of the current situation in post war Iraq with a focus on security, politics, economics, and international support; looks at the consequences of the continued decline in Iraq; and lays out alternative courses of action for Iraq including precipitating a withdrawal, staying the course, providing more troops for Iraq, and devolution to three regions. The second section is titled the way forward - a new approach and covers the external approach including the new diplomatic offensive, the Iraq International Support Group, international relations with Iran and Syria and the wider regional context; and the internal approach which includes creating Iraqi security and military forces, police and criminal justice, and US economic and reconstruction assistance.

Kashmir Affairs Division

This is the official department of the Pakistani government which is responsible for policy administration in the Kashmir Region. The web site provides access to information on the structure and function of the division and its current work. It includes access to some recent press releases and Pakistan government policy documents relating to the government of the region. This has relevance for research about the dispute between India and Pakistan.

Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies Under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This is an independent policy research institute based in Kazakhstan which specialises in issues relating to the domestic and foreign policy of Kazakhstan and security in the Central Asian republics. It provides access to information on the purpose of the body and its current activities. It includes access to some full text confernece papers and articles which it has published. This includes coverage of the political system, political parties, foreign policy, political economy and security in the Central Asia area. The web site is available in English or Russian.

Korea, North

Provided by the United States Department of State Under Secretary for Political Affairs Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, this is a guide to North Korea, or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It contains background information on the country, its history, politics, military and defence, and foreign relations, and details of US foreign policy towards the DPRK. There is also a link to the Library of Congress Country Study; news and press briefings on missile teasting and its nuclear programme; as well as full text major reports and remarks.

Kosovo and U.S. Policy

This is a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report RL31053 prepared by Stephen Woehrel and Julie Kim and dated August 2006. In 1998 and 1999, the United States and its NATO allies attempted to put an end to escalating violence between ethnic Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslav/Serb forces in Yugoslavia’s Kosovo province. These efforts culminated in a 78-day NATO bombing campaign (Operation Allied Force) against Serbia from March until June 1999, when then-Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic agreed to withdraw his forces from the province. Since then, Kosovo has been governed by a combination of U.N. and local Kosovar governing structures. Until Kosovo’s status is resolved, the U.N. Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), under the terms of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1244, retains ultimate political authority in the province. A NATO-led peacekeeping force, KFOR, is charged with providing a secure environment. UNSC Resolution 1244 called for Kosovo’s final status to be considered at an undetermined time after an autonomous government is in place. Almost all ethnic Albanians want independence for Kosovo; Serbs say it should remain within Serbia. In late 2003, the international community agreed to review Kosovo’s progress in meeting international “standards” and consider next steps in determining Kosovo’s future status by mid-2005. The sudden outbreak of widespread anti Serbian riots in March 2004, the worst inter-ethnic violence experienced in Kosovo since 1999, set back progress in many areas and called into question the effectiveness of the existing international approach on Kosovo. In mid-2005, the U.N. launched a comprehensive review of the Kosovo standards. On the basis of the review, the U.N. Security Council endorsed the start of status negotiations for Kosovo. Former Finnish President Martii Ahtisaari is the lead U.N. envoy for the status talks. The talks, delayed briefly after the death of long-time Kosovar leader Ibrahim Rugova, began in February 2006, but very little movement toward a compromise solution has been seen so far. The United States, as a member of the international contact group that leads international policy on Kosovo, has supported implementation of Resolution 1244, including U.S. participation in KFOR, and the standards before status policy. In 2005, U.S. officials announced a “new stage” in Kosovo policy that aimed toaccelerate resolution of the conflict and enhance the Balkan region’s integration into Euro-Atlantic institutions. The U.S. Administration has strongly pushed for the status question to be resolved by the end of 2006. In 1999, Congress neither explicitly approved nor blocked U.S. participation in NATO air strikes against Serbia. In 2000, several Members unsuccessfully attempted to condition the U.S. military deployment in Kosovo on congressional approval and on the implementation of aid pledges made by European countries. Since 1999, Congress has provided funding for reconstruction in Kosovo, but limited U.S. aid to 15% of the total amount pledged by all countries. In the 108th Congress and the first session of the 109th Congress, several resolutions were introduced that dealt with Kosovo’s future status. The second session of the 109th Congress may also consider legislation on Kosovo’s status. This report will be updated as events warrant. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of the report is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Kosovo's Future Status and U.S. Policy

This is a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report RS21721 prepared by Stephen Woehrel and dated December 2006. The future status of Kosovo is the most sensitive and potentially destabilizing political question in the Balkans. The Administration views “getting Kosovo right” as key to integrating the Balkans into Euro-Atlantic institutions. This report discusses the issue of Kosovo’s future status; that is, whether it should become an independent country or continue to be part of Serbia, but with a large degree of autonomy. U.N. envoy Martti Ahtisaari is expected to unveil his proposed settlement on the status issuen in late January or February 2007. The first session of the 110th Congress may consider legislation on Kosovo’s status. This report will be updated as events warrant. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of the report is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Latvian Institute of International Security

The Latvian Institute of International Security is a non profit organisation which specialises in the study of Latvian foreign policy and Baltic states security. Its web site provides information on the work of the organisation. It includes access to the full text of some of its reports and publications issued since 1999. The web site is in English or Latvian.

Legislation Related to the Attack of September 11, 2001

This site is provided by the Library of Congress THOMAS service, which provides legislative information freely to the public. It was created following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States of America in order to keep the public informed of changes to American legislation related to the terrorist attacks and counter terrorism laws. The site contains the full text of Bills and Resolutions signed into law and cover intelligence, aviation security, bioterrorism, border security and authorisation for the use of military force; Legislation with Floor Action including the Financial Anti Terrorism Act, Homeland Security Information Sharing Act, and the Port and Maritime Security Act of 2001; and Legislation without Floor Action including Preparedness Against Domestic Terrorism Act of 2001, and the Dirty Bomb Prevention Act. There is legislation from September 2001 to the end of October 2001.

Military Policy Awareness Links : India

MiPALs are published by the National Defense University for the Military Education Research Library Network, MERLN. It provides links to full text documents and resources with a primary focus on United States military policy towards India. The topics covered include general background information; United States policy; current news; economic reform; globalisation and modernisation challenges; human rights and refugees; the Kashmir crisis; nuclear programme; regional relationships with Pakistan; politics and government; research and analysis; news sources and online journals; and web gateways. The MiPAL can be browsed or searched.

Military Policy Awareness Links : North Korea

MiPALs are published by the National Defense University for the Military Education Research Library Network, MERLN. It provides links to full text documents and resources with a primary focus on United States military policy towards North Korea, or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). The topics covered include general background information; United States policy; the Department of Defense; Department of State; US Congress; current news; human rights and refugees; the nuclear weapons programme; politics and government; reunification; terrorism; research and analysis; news sources and online journals; and web gateways. The MiPAL can be browsed or searched and an RSS feed is available.

Military Policy Awareness Links : Pakistan

MiPALs are published by the National Defense University for the Military Education Research Library Network, MERLN. It provides links to full text documents and resources with a primary focus on United States military policy towards Pakistan. The topics covered include general background information; United States policy; current news; human rights and refugees; the Kashmir crisis; nuclear arms race; politics and government; War on Terrorism; research and analysis; news sources and online journals; and web gateways. The MiPAL can be browsed or searched.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

This site provides information concerning Chinese foreign policy, diplomacy, foreign relations, international affairs and economy & trade. There are also links to press releases and the latest news. Details are available about the ministry of Foreign Affairs itself, its structure and ministers. There are also links to consular affairs and Taiwan headlines. The site is also available in Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

National Defense University : Institute for National Strategic Studies

The INSS is a policy research and strategic gaming organisation within the National Defense University which serves the United States Department of Defense, its components, and interagency partners. Established by the Secretary of Defense in 1984, INSS is comprised of four components: the Research Directorate; the National Strategic Gaming Center; the Publication Directorate; and the Conference Directorate. The site provides details on the Institute and its activities; strategic policy studies and the documents arising from them; regional security studies; a Congressional strategic policy forum; and interagency ITEA program.

National Security Challenges for the 21st Century

This pdf report is a collection of essays produced by US Army officers on the Advanced Strategic Art Program and edited by Williamson Murray, published by the US Army War College, Security Studies Institute in October 2003. The essays provide an insight into the security challenges faced by the United States at the start of the twenty-first century and the changes to national defence policy and military strategy following September 11, 2001. Topics covered include transformation and military education, joint operations, preemption, NATO enlargement, homeland defence and the objective force.

National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom : security in an interdependent world

The first UK National Security Strategy document is intended to address and manage security challenges and underlying drivers, both immediately and in the longer term, to safeguard the nation. The document includes an appreciation of how national security has changed from a traditional focus on foreign, defence and security policies to include threats to individual citizens through terrorism and to the British way of life including such things as transnational crime, pandemics and flooding.

National Strategy for Combatting Terrorism

Provided by the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, MIPT, this is a full text pdf report published in September 2006. It outlines the United State's strategy for winning the War on Terror, and builds on the February 2003 National Strategy for Combatting Terrorism and the March 2006 National Security Strategy. It covers the realities of the War on Terror; the terrorist enemy; strategic vision for the War on Terror including the long term approach of advancing effective democracy and the short term approach of preventing attacks, denying WMD and support of rogue states to terrorists, and denying terrorists control of nations; and institutionalising strategy for long term success.

ODI WebLog

This is a blog from leading development experts at the Overseas Development Institute, ODI. ODI is a leading British think tank on humanitarian issues and international development. Categories covered by the weblogs include governance, security, the EU, G8, humanitarian issues, aid and development. There is an archive to June 2005.

Pakistan : Can the United States Secure an Insecure State?

This provides access to a Rand Corporation publication written by Christine Fair ...[et al] and dated 2010. Describing Pakistan's likely future course, this book seeks to inform U.S. efforts to achieve an effective foreign policy strategy toward the country. The book forms an empirical analysis of developments in Pakistan and an assessment of the effectiveness of U.S. policy as of August 2009. Drawing on interviews of elites, polling data, and statistical data on Pakistan's armed forces, the book presents a political and political-military analysis. Primary data and analyses from Pakistanis and international economic organizations are used in the book's demographic and economic analyses. The book assesses Pakistan's own policies, based on similar sources, on government documents, and on the authors' close reading of the assessments of several outside observers. The book also discusses U.S. policy regarding Pakistan, which was based on interviews with U.S. policymakers and on U.S. policy documents. The policy recommendations are based on an assessment of the findings in all these areas. The book concludes with a number of recommendations for the U.S. government and the U.S. Air Force concerning how the United States could forge a broad yet effective relationship with this complicated state. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Paths Ahead : Missile Defense in Asia

This is a full text pdf report which is the result of a study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies and was published in March 2006. The study assesses developments in missile defence in Asia. The focus of the report is on Australia, India, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan and their defence capabilities, ballistic missile defence policy and threats to the nations. It also looks at how these issues could inform the United States approach to missile defence architecture and foreign policy in the region.

Peace in Papua : Widening a Window of Opportunity

This site provides access to the full text pdf version of the Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action Special Report number 14 written by Blair A. King and published in April 2006. The report discusses the forty year conflict in Papua over integration into Indonesia and suggests policy recommendations for the Indonesian government that could capitalise on the Aceh peace agreement in order to resolve the conflict.

Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Publications

This site provides access to full text documents from the HPCR; an international policy and research programme based at the Harvard School of Public Health which provides research on humanitarian affairs in particular in the areas of human security, conflict management, and international humanitarian law. Publications include an occassional paper series, legal and policy briefs, background and working papers, journal articles and conference reports.

Recalibrating Alliance Contributions. Changing Policy Environment and Military Alliances

This technical report (RGSD-191) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2005 and was written by Tatsuro Yoda. Develops an analytic framework for exploring ways to encourage contributions from U.S. allies, with specific reference to Japan�s Host Nation Support program (HNS) for the U.S. Forces in Japan. The author examines the history of the U.S.-Japan alliance and the future of the alliance, looking particularly at the next Special Measures Agreement for the HNS in 2006. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Reports From the Future of Iraq Project

This site provides access to full text reports from the United States State Department Future of Iraq Project, which was formed in October 2001 to look into planning for post War Iraq. These reports have been released under the Freedom of Information Act by the Department of State. The reports cover transitional justice; democratic principles and procedures; water agriculture and environment; public health and humanitarian needs; defence policy and institutions; local government; economy and infrastructure; civil society capacity building; transparency and anti corruption measures; education; free media; and oil and energy. The site also contains background information to the reports and information on the lack of planning by the United States government on post war Iraq and its reconstruction.

Russia and arms control : are there opportunities for the Obama Administration? by Stephen J. Blank Strategic Studies Institute : United States Army War College

A study on current Russian US relations particularly focused on arms control in the period of the end of the Bush presidency and the start of the Obama administration. Positions on both sides have hardened since the Russian invasion of Georgia.

Russian Foreign Policy : Sources and Implications

This gives access to a Rand Organization publicaion written by Olga Oliker ...[et al] dated 2009. As Russia's economy has grown, so have the country's global involvement and influence, which often take forms that the United States neither expects nor likes, as the August 2008 conflict in Georgia demonstrated. Despite the two countries' many disagreements and the rising tension between them, the United States and Russia share some key interests and goals. In this monograph, the authors assess Russia's strategic interests and the factors that influence Russian foreign policy broadly. They examine Russia's domestic policies, economic development, and views of the world, as well as how these translate into security policies at home and abroad. They then consider the implications of Russia's evolving approaches for U.S. interests. The authors find that Russia's rising confidence will continue to create challenges for U.S. policymakers. The U.S. goal must therefore be to improve relations with Russia and build on shared views and shared interests, rather than to pursue coercive mechanisms that can easily backfire. Among other steps, the authors recommend that Washington vigorously pursue new arms control agreements with Moscow allay Russian fears about proposed U.S. missile defenses in Europe reevaluate its promotion of energy pipeline routes that circumvent Russia resume consistent, high-level consultations, including military-to-military contacts. If Russo-U.S. relations do not improve, the United States must find ways to keep poor relations with Russia from turning into adversarial ones. The Department of Defense and U.S. Air Force have important roles to play in either scenario. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

Russian Military Reform from Perestroika to Putin: Implications for U.S.Policy

This is the full text of a thesis by Lt. Col. Kris D. Beasley which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 20004. In the last 15 years, the size of the Russian armed forces has dropped 76 percent, from 5.32 million men down to 1.37 million men; the level of Russian defense spending has followed a similar slide. In 1989, the Soviet military was one of the most feared on earth. By 1994, the Russian armed forces suffered a major setback when they took on rebel fighters in Chechnya and by 1998, tanks were parked from lack of fuel and officers were working second jobs during duty hours to make ends meet. Aircraft could not fly due to lack of spare parts and ships sat rusting at their piers. In 2000, the submarine Kursk sank, in a preventable accident, with the loss of 118 lives. How did the Russian military come to be in such dire straits? What efforts were made to reform the Russian military as these problems became apparent? Have those reforms been well planned and executed or poorly done? Are things getting better? What are the future prospects for the Russian military? To answer those questions, this study presents an overview of the continuous efforts to reform the Russian armed forces from the Gorbachev era through the Putin administration and analyzes each of the major security concepts and military doctrines that have (or should have) guided these reform efforts. Using the latest Russian news sources, it also examines the current reform efforts undertaken by Putin and details some of the challenges he faces implementing them. This paper shows that despite 17 years of trying, it is only in the last two years, under Putin, that Russia has made real progress towards military reform. Putin's vision of Russia as a regional great power has provided a clear goal for reform and his persistent leadership has enabled him to force meaningful reforms through a stubborn military bureaucracy which had previously hindered all efforts. There are many challenges ahead, but through Putin's efforts, Russia is beginning to structure its military on a new model, one that is not quite an all-volunteer forces, but one that is much different than the Soviet mass conscript military. The Russian military today is no longer looking back, but it is only now starting to move forward. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of the thesis is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Saudi Arabia: Islamic Threat, Political Reform, and the Global War on Terror.

This is the full text of a paper published by the United States Strategic Studies Institute, written by Sherifa Zuhur and dated march 2005. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States have been allies for more than half a century. In the wake of the terrible events of September 11, 2001, and in the midst of a Saudi battle against a wave of Islamist terrorism on their own soil, the two nations are drawing apart. This monograph questions this unfortunate advent in the context of Islamist challenges and the growth of forces for reform in the Kingdom. The Saudi government has been strongly criticized for setting too narrow an agenda and too slow a pace for change. External sources also debate the efficacy of measures taken to control Islamic terror cells, in particular those associated with al-Qa’ida on the Arabian Peninsula (QAP), and to rein in those who provide ideological support to extremism. Sources internal to Saudi Arabia argue that, as their entire state structure and society is founded on religious principles, they must move cautiously. As similar battles against Islamist extremists are being waged in Iraq today, it seems clear that the future of U.S.-Saudi relations is contingent on a redefinition of the two countries’ interests. Both have high stakes in the future of the war on terror in the region. American policymakers and military leadership urgently need to comprehend clearly the nature and interests of the “Islamic threat” in Saudi Arabia, as well as other broadly defined arguments swirling around the war on terror. Some have accused the Kingdom of gross sponsorship of terrorism. Yet they should distinguish the sectarian origins of Wahhabism from the new Islamic and Islamist discourses emerging in that country. As the U.S. policy for the global war on terror recommends the “forwarding of freedom” and prevention of “failed states,” Saudi Arabia’s reform movement has assumed new importance as well. U.S. policymakers should determine future courses of action in light of the various pitfalls inherent in bolstering authoritarianism, empowering reform, treating the Kingdom as an essentially unwelcome ex-ally, or abandoning it in the event of a serious challenge. The future of security in Saudi Arabia is related to the future of political, educational, administrative, and social reforms. Current U.S. strategy calls for the attainment of both aims. [Taken from abstract]. The full text of this paper is available in PDF formate from the website of the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism.

Security, Terrorism and the UK

This is the full text pdf version of the Chatham House and the Economic and Social Research Foundation ISP/NSC Briefing Paper 05/01 published on 18th July 2005 by the Royal Institute of International Affairs. This is a series of briefing papers produced under the New Security Challenges (NSC) programme. The paper is divided into four parts. The first, Riding Pillion for Tackling Terrorism is a High Risk Policy, written by Frank Gregory and Paul Wilkinson looks at Britain's performance in the War on Terrorism and counter terrorism policy and whether supporting the US-led invasion of Iraq put the UK more at risk from terrorist attack. The second part, Terrorism and Community Resilience - A UK Perspective, written by Bill Durodie, looks at the importance of literature examining human behaviour in disasters to policy makers and emergency planners. The third part written by Adrian Guelke, Whither the Peace Process in Northern Ireland?, looks at the NI peace process. The final and fourth part written by Sarah Oates and titled, Selling Fear? The Framing of Terrorist Threat in Elections, looks at terrorism and security concerns in recent elections.

Shift or Rift : Assessing US - EU Relations After Iraq

This is the full text pdf version of a European Union Institute for Security Studies, EUISS, Transatlantic Book edited by Gustav Lindstrom and published in 2003. The book looks at United States and European international relations and foreign policy and looks at six topics from an American and European perspective. The topics covered are: US and EU visions of the world; the future of Europe; the future of the United States; US and EU priorities in the Middle East; the US and EU in the Balkans; and US and European perspectives on terrorism.

SIPRI Yearbook : Armaments, Disarmament and International Relations : Pocket Size Summary Edition

This site provides the full text of the summary editions of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, Yearbook in English, German, Spanish, French, Dutch and Swedish. First published in 1969, the Yearbooks are used as an authoritative source of information on what has happened during the past year in armaments and arms control, armed conflicts and conflict resolution, security arrangements and disarmament. It provides an overview developments in international security, weapons and technology, military expenditure, the arms trade and arms production, and armed conflicts, and efforts to control conventional, nuclear, chemical and biological armaments.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

SIPRI conducts research into finding peace and security solutions for international conflicts. The site gives details of their current research projects, some of which are full text, and cover topics such as arms control, conflict management, chemical and biological warfare, military expenditure, non proliferation, and security. There are full text publications including summaries of the SIPRI Yearbook in English, German, French, Dutch and Swedish; Research Reports and Policy Papers. Access to their databases on military expenditure, arms transfers, chemical and biological weapons non-proliferation, international relations and security trends and national export controls. There are also details on the history, organisation and activities of SIPRI.

Strengthening North American Security : Strategy to Engage Mexico

This is the full text of a thesis by Major Lawrence Spinetta USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SASS), Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in April 2005. North American security is indivisible. Yet, little progress has been made developing a collaborative partnership that provides a comprehensive, seamless defense for North America. A new strategy that strengthens tri-national institutions and builds trust through progressive cooperation is required to create the conditions necessary for full Mexican participation. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Talking to the Enemy. Track Two Diplomacy in the Middle East and South Asia

This technical report (MG-592-NSRD) was produced by The RAND Corporation in 2007 and was written by Dalia Dassa Kaye. This monograph examines regional, multilateral track two dialogues in the Middle East and South Asia that are focused on arms control and other cooperative security measures. Unofficial policy discourse, or track two diplomacy, is an increasingly important part of the changing international security landscape, with the potential to raise new ideas and solutions to conflicts that, over time, may influence official policy. Talking to the Enemy considers how track two efforts in South Asia and the Middle East have socialized participants into thinking about security in more cooperative terms, and whether the ideas generated in track two forums have been acknowledged at the societal level or influenced official policy. Comparing the two regions, Kaye finds that South Asian dialogues, on Kashmir and other regional issues, have been more somewhat more effective than track two efforts in the Middle East, where lack of progress on official Arab-Israeli peace talks has also hindered unofficial regional dialogues. The author concludes with assessments of regional security trajectories in both regions, particularly proliferation dynamics, as well as suggestions on how to improve future track two efforts. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

Terrorism Watch - Third World Traveler

Third world Traveler aim is to post on the Internet excerpts of books and articles that challenge the viewpoint of corporate America about US foreign policy. Its section on terrorist watch includes articles and extracts from authors such as Noam Chomsky and Rabbi Michael Lerner which criticise the foreign policy of President George W. Bush and the war against terrorism.

The comprehensive approach : the point of war is not just to win but to make a better peace. Government response to the Committee's seventh report of session 2009-10 : first special report of session 2010-11

The Defence Committee published its Seventh Report of Session 2009--10 on The Comprehensive Approach: the point of war is not just to win but to make a better peace on 18 March 2010, as House of Commons Paper HC 224.

The Middle East. The Changing Strategic Environment

This technical report (CF-223-CMEPP/GCSP)was published by The RAND Corporation in 2006 and was written by F. Stephen Larrabee. On June 26-28, 2005, the Geneva Centre for Security Policy and the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy held their sixth annual conference in Gstaad, Switzerland. The conference was devoted to a dialogue on “The Middle East: Changing Strategic Environment.” Participants discussed democracy and stability in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Palestine, and Israel; the situation in Iraq; Iran’s nuclear program; the roles of the United States, the EU, and the UN Security Council in promoting stability and change in the region; strategies for countering Islamic terrorism; and developments in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

The Operational Code of the Politburo

This book (CB-104-1) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2007 and was written by Nathan Constantin Leites. Theoretical frameworks that examine a political actor’s personal characteristics and how they affect the foreign policies of their respective states are useful tools for analysts, researchers, and historians. One of the most widely used frameworks has been operational code analysis, introduced by Nathan Leites in this seminal RAND Corporation volume, The Operational Code of the Politburo. Originally published by McGraw-Hill in 1951, it was the inaugural publication in what was then called "The RAND Series" and later became known as RAND’s commercial books series, a collection of monographs which aimed to make RAND’s groundbreaking research available to the public. In that spirit, and to celebrate RAND’s 60th Anniversary, RAND is proud to bring this classic work back into print in paperback and digital formats. The Operational Code of the Politburo was part of a major effort at RAND to provide insight into the political leadership and foreign policy in the Soviet Union and other communist states; the development of Soviet military strategy and doctrine; and the organization and operation of the Soviet economy. This immense body of research has had an influence and impact beyond U.S. national security, as the techniques and methodological tools have been refined and extended to new analytic challenges. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

The Strategic defence and security review : first report of session 2010-11. House of Commons Defence Committee report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence

The UK Strategic Defence and Security Review is likely to lead to crucial decisions about national defence and the role of the UK's Armed Forces. In view of the speed with which the review is being conducted, the House of Commons Defence Committee felt compelled to report to the House as soon as possible. This Report sets out n summary, the Committee's understanding and anxieties about that process, and about the relationship between the Strategic Defence and Security Review and the government Comprehensive Spending Review. [original abstract]

The Transatlantic Defense Industrial Base : Restructuring Scenarios and Their Implications

This is the full text pdf version of a Strategic Studies Institute monograph published in April 2005 and written by Dr Terrence R. Guay. It looks at the transatlantic industrial base and the post Cold War restructuring of European and United States defence industries. It argues that government policies have restricted opportunities for collaboration and that restructuring and consolidation have created obstacles to transatlantic cooperation. The report looks at post Cold War industrial developments, the political environment, transatlantic versus bipolar industrial base, and future scenarios for the transatlantic industrial base.

The United States and the European Security and Defense Policy. Old Fears and New Approaches

This technical report (RP-1232) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2006 and was written by F. Stephen Larrabee. The U.S. attitude toward the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) continues to be marked by ambivalence. The U.S. fears that the ESDP is seeking to become NATO’s competitor or that the EU may want make ESDP a counterweight to NATO. It also has concerns about the EU’s operational planning and the capabilities gap between it and its European allies, and worries that the ESDP may form a “European caucus” within NATO or seek to provide its own security guarantees to its members. Although some Europeans have called for a division of labor in which Europe concentrates on peacekeeping and the U.S. on high-intensity operations, the author believes that such a division is unwise. Rather, the United States should takes steps to strengthen transatlantic relations. It should accept that Europe needs some operational planning capacity and should harmonize its defense transformation with Europe’s. NATO and the EU need to develop mechanisms to allow rapid response in time of crisis. Finally, the U.S. must recognize that the EU is becoming an increasingly political security actor. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

The War on Terror and the Cold War : They Are Not the Same

Written by John Tirman and published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Center for International Studies in April 2006, this paper is one of a series of essays titled Audit of the Conventional Wisdom, which look at United States forein policy. It looks at the President Bush Administration's likening of the War on Terrorism to the Second World War confrontation with Nazi Germany and the Cold War struggle against Soviet communism. It argues that the global counter terrorism campaign and the current conflict in Iraq is very different and that the lessons from the two earlier conflicts are irrelevant to dealing with terrorism.

Toward An Economic Warfare Stategy Against Iran : Report of the American Foreign Policy Task Force June 2010

America's strategy toward Iran is faltering. Nearly seven years after the disclosure of the Iranian regime’s nuclear program, and a year-and-a-half after the start of “engagement” on the part of the Obama administration, Washington has yet to see a substantive diplomatic breakthrough in the deepening international impasse over the Iranian regime’s nuclear ambitions. To the contrary, mounting evidence suggests that Iran’s rulers have used the strategic pause aff orded by American outreach to forge ahead with their nuclear endeavor, adding permanence to Iran’s increasingly mature and menacing atomic effort. Multilateral eff orts at sanctions, meanwhile, have failed to keep pace with these advances. Between 2006 and 2008, three rounds of international sanctions were authorized and enacted by the United Nations Security Council, with little perceivable impact on Iran’s nuclear decisionmaking. A fourth round of sanctions has just been finalized by the United States and other Permanent Security Council members. Yet already, there are clear signs that this effort, like its predecessors, will fall far short of applying the broad, comprehensive economic pressure necessary for Iran to begin to rethink its nuclear drive. As a result, the United States and its allies in the international community will soon be confronted by the stark binary choice best outlined by French President Nicolas Sarkozy several years ago: an Iran with the bomb, or the bombing of Iran. If it hopes to avoid such a state of affairs, the United States will need to marshal a comprehensive economic warfare strategy toward the Islamic Republic — one that leverages the latent vulnerabilities inherent in the Iranian economy to ratchet up the cost of the regime’s nuclear endeavor. Such an approach starts by focusing on six discrete areas of economic activity that could be used to alter the Iranian regime’s behavior. [Originator's abstract]

Troubled Partnership : U.S.-Turkish Relations in an Era of Global Geopolitical Change

This provides access to a Rand Organization publication written by Stephen Larrabee and dated 2010. A strong security partnership with Turkey has been an important element of U.S. policy for the last five decades. However, in the last few years, U.S.-Turkish relations have seriously deteriorated, and today they are badly in need of repair. The arrival of a new administration in Washington presents an important opportunity to put Washington's relations with Ankara on a firmer footing. Turkey plays a critical role in four areas of increasing strategic importance to the United States: the Balkans, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Middle East, and the Persian Gulf. In each of these areas, Ankara's cooperation is vital to achieving U.S. policy objectives. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

U.S. - India Strategic Dialogue

This technical report (CF-201-CAPP/ORF) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2004 and was written by Rollie Lal and Rajesh Rajagopalan. Reports on a meeting that brought together scholars, diplomats, and functionaries from the governments of India and the United States to discuss policy issues important to both countries. It was designed to keep decisionmakers informed of the current thinking of leading intellectuals on important issues, to acquaint them with areas of consensus, and to provide insights that will help them understand how each country�s strategic perspective on each issue could affect the bilateral relationship between the two nations. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it.

U.S. Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula

As tensions on the Korean peninsula rise after an international investigation found that North Korea was responsible for the sinking of a South Korean warship, a Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) Independent Task Force warns that North Korea's continued provocations pose a serious threat to its neighbors and that its nuclear weapons program must be stopped. "The United States must seek to resolve rather than simply manage the challenge posed by a nuclear North Korea," asserts the Task Force. In its report, U.S. Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula, the Task Force emphasizes that "despite the difficulty of the challenge, the danger posed by North Korea is sufficiently severe, and the costs of inaction and acquiescence so high, that the United States and its partners must continue to press for denuclearization." The United States cannot risk "the potential spread of nuclear weapons to rogue states, terrorist groups or others-especially in the Middle East." The Task Force says that the United States also must provide leadership with its regional partners to "coordinate actions designed to contain the spillover effects of possible North Korean instability while insisting that North Korea give up its destabilizing course of action." It recommends that contingency pla nning be prioritized: "Given the uncertainties and associated risks related to North Korea's future, it is necessary and sensible for its neighbors to consider the possibility of volatility in North Korea and plan for its possible effects." The bipartisan Task Force, chaired by former special envoy for negotiations with North Korea Charles L. "Jack" Pritchard and former commander of UN Command/U.S. Forces Korea John H. Tilelli Jr., and directed by CFR Adjunct Senior Fellow Scott A. Snyder, is comprised of roughly two dozen distinguished experts, including CISAC Co-Director Siegfried Hecker, representing a wide variety of backgrounds. The report commends the U.S.-South Korean partnership and applauds the close alliance coordination following the ship incident. The Task Force urges the passage of the South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, which it says is good for America and would send a strong message of support for South Korea. While each member of the Six Party talks-China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States-has its own concerns, "any hope of resolving the North Korean standoff will depend on all parties cooperating with one another and being firm with North Korea." The report emphasizes that "Chinese cooperation is essential to the success of denuclearization on the Korean peninsula and to ensuring regional stability." The report makes several specific recommendations, including calling for the establishment of a dialogue with China about the future of the Korean peninsula, bilateral talks with North Korea regarding missile development, and close consultations with allies South Korea and Japan. The report recommends that the Obama administration prioritize its approach to North Korea in the following order. * Prevent horizontal proliferation: "The United States and its allies should heighten vigilance against the possibility of a transfer of nuclear weapons technologies or fissile material from North Korea and strengthen the capacity to carry out effective counterproliferation measures." * Stop vertical proliferation: "North Korea's unconstrained efforts to develop a missile delivery capability for its nuclear arsenal would dramatically expand its ability to threaten its neighbors and further complicate prospects for reversing its nuclear program." * Denuclearize: "The debate over nonproliferation versus denuclearization is a false choice; the United States and its partners can and must do both by containing proliferation while also pressing for denuclearization." The Task Force recommends that the United States seek ways to integrate North Korea into the international community, including through cultural and academic exchanges. "The Obama administration should change long-standing U.S. policies blocking North Korea's participation in activities of international financial institutions," notes the report. It also condemns North Korea's abysmal human rights record: "North Korea's shameful human rights situation and failure to meet the needs of its people is a human tragedy that should be addressed by U.S. humanitarian assistance and other measures to improve human rights conditions inside North Korea." [Originator's abstract]

U.S., Russia and the Global War on Terror : "Shoulder to Shoulder" into Battle

This gives access to a U.S. Air University Research Report AU/AF FELLOWS/NNN/ dated March 2005 and written by Eric Beene, Jeffery Kubiak and Kyle Colton. The demise of the Soviet Union shifted paradigms around the world, causing many to conceive of a new era of cooperation between the new Russian Federation and the United States. Following the terrorist attacks in the U.S. on 11 September 2001, many assumed the resultant war on terrorism would finally unite the two nations against a common enemy, aligning interests as never before. In some ways cooperation was enhanced, but interests were hardly aligned. The siege of the Beslan middle school in September 2004, a “Russian September 11th,” brought renewed hopes for alignment between the two nations against an enemy that knew no bounds. Again, that appears not to be the case. This volume attempts to answer why that is so, and how might policy interpretation and implementation help realize such hopes. This work begins with a review of the broader foreign policies of the United States and Russia and a specific review of each nation’s perspectives on the war on terror and on cooperation. It reviews some of the issues Russia has faced during its transition from Soviet rule to more liberal institutions, and it reviews the cooperative efforts between the two nations to date, both bilateral and multilateral. It ends with recommendations for policy implementation based on the fundamental differences in perceptions between the two nations, given the assessed policies of the United States. It is believed that by executing foreign policy with a consideration for the unique perspectives of each nation, more effective cooperation in the war on terror and elsewhere can be achieved. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it.

UK defence and security policy : a new approach

Upon entering office in May 2010 one of the first actions of the new Coalition Government was to establish a National Security Council and announce the conduct of a Strategic Defence and Security Review. That review was described as one of the Government’s top priorities alongside addressing the budget deficit. It would be published in tandem with a new National Security Strategy and would examine all aspects of security. Previous reviews had focused mainly on defence policy and the reconfiguration of the Armed Forces as a means of delivering the UK’s foreign policy objectives. Both the National Security Strategy and the Strategic Defence and Security Review were published in October 2010, five months after the Government took office. This paper examines the main priorities and recommendations set out in each of those documents.[Originator's abstract]

UK Prime Minister's speech on foreign policy given at the Lord Mayor’s Banquet on Monday 16 November 2009.

The UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown gave his annual speech at the Lord Mayor's Banquet in London, during which he spoke about the necessity of UK operations in Afghanistan.

Understanding Islam and Its Impact on Latin America

This is the full text of a thesis by Lt. Col. Curtis C. Connell which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in 2004. Islamic terrorism has become arguably one of the most important security topics since 9/11. This research paper will not answer every question about Islamic fundamentalism, but will build on the existing body of research. The author has relied primarily on unclassified open source material and his own experience in Latin America for source material. The goal of this paper is to determine whether U.S. national security interests should be more concerned about radical Islamic influence and support in Latin America and the Caribbean. The findings point to a mild level of concern, but perhaps not to the heightened threat that some have suggested. There are two fundamental reasons: demographically, there are simply not very many Muslims in Latin America, and secondly, there is minimal history of Islamic terrorist attacks in the region. Within certain lawless areas of Latin America known for illicit activities and Arab immigration, Islamic fundamentalists have a foothold. However, research points to Shi?ite terrorist groups like Hezbollah as the perpetrators rather than Sunni-based al Qaeda. Although more can be done, the extra surveillance and increased attention since 9/11 by the U.S. in cooperation with Latin American partners has helped control and monitor the problem. [Taken from abstract]. This full text of the thesis is available in PDF format and is provided by the Air University ResearchWeb site.

Understanding Multinational Corporations in War Torn Societies : Sudan in Focus

Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS (former Centre for Development Research, CDR) Brief published in April 2006 and written by Luke A. Patey. The paper looks at the impact multinational corporations can have on war torn socities and civil wars in the developing world, in particular international companies which extract natural resources such as oil, gas, timber, diamonds and other precious minerals. It looks in particular at the case of international oil companies in Sudan and provides a framework for clarifying behaviour of multinational corporations.

Upheaval : U.S. Policy toward Iran in a changing Middle East

The wave of uprisings that have rocked the Arab world will have dramatic consequences for America’s strategy toward Iran. Arguments rage over whether the upheavals have strengthened or weakened Iran, Tehran’s role in sparking or exploiting the turbulence, how new regimes in key Arab states might interact with the Islamic Republic, and if the wave of protests might reach Iran itself. But for all of the uncertainty, one thing seems clear: The foundations of the Obama administration’s Iran strategy are crumbling. This report lays out a U.S. strategy toward Iran that is a policy reset from the regional status quo.[Originator's abstract]

US - India Nuclear Cooperation : A Strategy for Moving Forward

This site provides access to the full text pdf version of the Council on Foreign Relations Special Report number 16 written by Michael A. Levi and Charles D. Ferguson and published in June 2006. The report discusses the July 2005 nuclear cooperation deal between the Bush administration and the Indian government and the tensions it has created for American foreign policy objectives on strengthening bilateral relations with major powers on the one hand, and preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons on the other. The chapters cover the United States and India deal; history and strategy; nonproliferation; and suggests a three part approach for Congress.

Utenriksdepartementet

This is the web site of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which provides information about Norwegian foreign and development policies. The latest news is given, plus details of the Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Minister of International Development. Publications are available from this site, including reports, handbooks and programmes. There is information concerning human rights and international development, bilateral relations, trade policy, and security policy. The site is available in English and Norwegian language versions.

War, Peace and Security Guide

The War, Peace and Security Guide is a detailed set of links to resources on the Internet in these subject areas. It is maintained by the Canadian Forces Command and Staff College. Each section provides links to different types of resources including reference materials and reports, Canadian defence policy documents, CFC papers, and doctrine. The site is available in French or English versions.

WWW Virtual Library : International Affairs Resources

Provided by Wayne A. Selcher, Professor of International Studies at the Department of Political Science, Elizabethtown College, this site provides annotated links to sites on international affairs, international studies and international relations. It is divided into media sources, organizations, regions and countries, and into topics such as peace, conflict resolution, and international security; American foreign policy; humanitarian affairs; international development; and sites in different languages.

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