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Information warfare Analysis of the Military Effectiveness of Future C2 Concepts and Systems This site provides access to a Research and Technology Organisation (NATO) Meeting Proceedings, RTO-MP-117. This contains papers from the RTO Studies, Analysis and Simulation Panel (SAS) Symposium, held in The Hague, The Netherlands, 23-25 April 2002. The aims of the workshop were to discuss on the Code of Best Practice. In 1998 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) published a Code of Best Practice for Assessing C2 (COBP), authored by SAS-002, which covered analysis of C2 at the ground forces tactical level in mid to high intensity conflicts. This 1998 COBP is being expanded by SAS-026 to address the broader spectrum of current C2 issues, including operations other than war, peacekeeping missions, cognitive factors, risk management, network centric concepts, and novel C2 arrangements. The documents contained in this publication discuss the extensions and revisions to the 1998 COBP, and provide best practices examples of current C2 analysis being conducted in member countries. A table of contents, and the full text of the document (13.7 Mbytes) can be accessed online in PDF format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. Backgrounder : Iraq's Press : A Status Report Provided by the Council on Foreign Relations in May 2006 and written by Lionel Beehner, this paper looks at the role of the media in post war Iraq. It looks at the dangers facing journalists and reporters in Iraq and how Western news organisations are adjusting to the threats; Iraqi media journalistic standards and the freedom of press; the relationship between the Iraqi press and the US military; the difference between local media and foreign press coverage of events; and the role of Iraqi bloggers. Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress This is a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress RL31695 prepared by Dana A. Shea in February 2006. The federal government has historically supported the open publication of federally funded research results. In cases where such results presented a challenge to national security concerns, several mechanisms have been employed. For fundamental research results, the federal policy has been to use classification to limit dissemination. For advanced technology and technological information, a combination of classification and export and arms trafficking regulation has been used to inhibit its spread. The terrorist attacks of 2001 have increased scrutiny of nonconventional weapons, including weapons of mass destruction, and publication of some research results have increased concerns over whether publication of federally funded extramural research results could threaten national security. The current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate mechanism. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, such as Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) that control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR do not apply to sharing fundamental research results, so long as they are not subject to any governmental prepublication review. The areas where export regulation and classification have predominantly occurred have been in mathematical, engineering, and physical sciences. Other contentious research areas, such as genetic engineering and manipulation, have been overseen through scientists’ self-regulation and monitoring. The 1975 Asilomar conference produced a consensus statement on recombinant DNA research that formed the basis for the National Institutes of Health Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. Recent research publications that have raised national security concerns have fallen outside of the areas traditionally regulated through classification and export control, and it is unclear whether these mechanisms will be equally effective. The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity is being established to aid in determining whether proposed federally funded research presents a biosecurity threat. Stakeholders do not agree on the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. Some believe that the current method of selective classification of research results is the most appropriate. They assert that imposing new restrictions will only hurt scientific progress, and that the usefulness of research results to terrorist groups is limited. Others believe that self-regulation by scientists, using an “Asilomar-like” process to develop a consensus statement, is a better approach. They believe that, through inclusion of scientists, policymakers, and security personnel in the development phase, a process acceptable to all will be found. Relying on publishers to scrutinize articles for information which might potentially have security ramifications is third option. Finally, mandatory review by federal funding agencies, either before funding or publication, is seen as a potential federally based alternative. This report will be updated as events warrant. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it. Byting Back - Regaining Information Superiority Against 21st-Century Insurgents. RAND Counterinsurgency Study - Volume 1 This technical report (MG-595/1-OSD) was produced by The RAND Corporation in 2007 and was written by Martin C. Libicki, David C. Gompert, David R. Frelinger and Raymond Smith. U.S. counterinsurgency efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan have failed to exploit information power, which could be a U.S. advantage but instead is being used advantageously by insurgents. Because insurgency and counterinsurgency involve a battle for the allegiance of a population between a government and an armed opposition movement, the key to exploiting information power is to connect with and learn from the population itself, increasing the effectiveness of both the local government and the U.S. military and civilian services engaged in supporting it. Utilizing mostly available networking technology, the United States could achieve early, affordable, and substantial gains in the effectiveness of counterinsurgency by more open, integrated, and inclusive information networking with the population, local authorities, and coalition partners. The most basic information link with the population would be an information technology (IT)-enhanced, fraud-resistant registry-census. The most promising link would come from utilizing local cell phone networks, which are proliferating even among poor countries. Access to data routinely collected by such networks can form the basis for security services such as enhanced-911 and forensics. The cell phones of a well-wired citizenry can be made tantamount to sensor fields in settled areas. They can link indigenous forces with each other and with U.S. forces without interoperability problems; they can also track the responses of such forces to emergencies. Going further, outfitting weaponry with video cameras would bolster surveillance, provide lessons learned, and guard against operator misconduct. Establishing a national Wiki can help citizens describe their neighborhoods to familiarize U.S. forces with them and can promote accountable service delivery. All such information can improve counterinsurgency operations by making U.S. forces and agencies far better informed than they are at present. The authors argue that today’s military and intelligence networks — being closed, compartmentalized, controlled by information providers instead of users, and limited to U.S. war fighters — hamper counterinsurgency and deprive the United States of what ought to be a strategic advantage. In contrast, based on a review of 160 requirements for counterinsurgency, the authors call for current networks to be replaced by an integrated counterinsurgency operating network (ICON) linking U.S. and indigenous operators, based on principles of inclusiveness, integration, and user preeminence. Utilizing the proposed ways of gathering information from the population, ICON would improve the timeliness, reliability, and relevance of information, while focusing security restrictions on truly sensitive information. The complexity and sensitivity of counterinsurgency call for vastly better use of IT than has been seen in Iraq and Afghanistan. Here is a practical plan for just that. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it. Commercial Multimedia Technologies for Twenty-First Century Army Battlefields: A Technology Management Strategy Produced by the US National Research Council Committee on Future Technologies for Army Multimedia Communications and published by the National Academies Press in 1995. This report describes how the battlefield of the future will be full of digital networks carrying vast amounts of information. Multi-media technologies that already exist, or are emerging in the civilian sector are also considered here. Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar This provides access to a U.S. Rand Organization publication written by Martin C. Libicki and dated 2009. The protection of cyberspace, the information medium, has become a vital national interest because of its importance both to the economy and to military power. An attacker may tamper with networks to steal information for the money or to disrupt operations. Future wars are likely to be carried out, in part or perhaps entirely, in cyberspace. It might therefore seem obvious that maneuvering in cyberspace is like maneuvering in other media, but nothing would be more misleading. Cyberspace has its own laws; for instance, it is easy to hide identities and difficult to predict or even understand battle damage, and attacks deplete themselves quickly. Cyberwar is nothing so much as the manipulation of ambiguity. The author explores these in detail and uses the results to address such issues as the pros and cons of counterattack, the value of deterrence and vigilance, and other actions the United States and the U.S. Air Force can take to protect itself in the face of deliberate cyberattack. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDf format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it. Department of Defense Joint Technical Architecture (JTA) : Volume I : Joint Interoperability and Warrior Support JTA is a document containing the minimum set of standards and guidelines for the aquisition of all Department of Defense systems for exchange of information. This site, hosted by the Department of Defense IT Standards Registry, DISR, provides the full text pdf of version 6, published on 3rd October 2003. The chapters cover information processing, transfer, modelling, metadata, exchange, human computer interface and information security standards. Department of Defense Joint Technical Architecture : Volume II : Joint Interoperability and Warrior Support JTA is a document containing the minimum set of standards and guidelines for the aquisition of all Department of Defense systems for exchange of information. This site, hosted by the Department of Defense IT Standards Registry, DISR, provides the full text pdf of version 6, published on 3rd October 2003. The chapters cover information processing, transfer, modelling, metadata, exchange, human computer interface and information security standards. Electronic Information Management for PfP Nations This web site provides access to a Research and Technology Organization (RTO) Educational Note, RTO-EN-026, dated April 2003. The document was produced by the Information Management Committee (IMC) and the Consultant and Exchange Programme of RTO in support of a Lecture Series presented on 24-26 September 2002 in Vilnius, Lithuania. The internet and intranet are becoming dominant factors in much of what we do with networked information sources and services proving to be an indispensable part of our every day lives. The lecture series reviews current developments in electronic information management, exploring the difficulties in searching, finding, gathering, organising and retrieving internet and intra/extra-net based information. Access to networked information sources such as the wide variety of on-line bibliographic, full-text and multimedia databases requires well-designed electronic information management systems to better manage the plethora of information available. Understanding the features and capabilities of search engines and the use of metatags to describe contents of electronic documents is of great importance as is the need for customization and personalization of electronic information services. The Series examines state of the art models of electronic informaion provision, along with a description of some of the strategies, processes, infrastructure, information technology and access management requirements.Finally, initiatives to create a global network of archives of digital research materials and digital preservation and archiving projects are discussed.Bibliographic and abstract details are available in HTML format. A table of contents, and the full text of the document(2.0MB can be accessed online in PDF format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. Framework For Analyzing And Mitigating The Vulnerabilities Of Complex Systems Via Attack And Protection Trees This is the full text of a thesis written by Kenneth S. Edge which was presented to the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright Pateerson Air Force Base, Ohio in July 2007. Attack trees have been developed to describe processes by which malicious users attempt to exploit or break complex systems. Attack trees offer a method of decomposing, visualizing, and determining the cost or likelihood of attacks. Attack trees by themselves do not provide enough decision support to system defenders. This research develops the concept of using protection trees to offer a detailed risk analysis of a system. In addition to developing protection trees, this research improves the existing concept of attack trees and develops rule sets for the manipulation of metrics used in the security of complex systems. This research specifically develops the framework for using an attack and protection tree methodology to analyze the security of complex systems. The structure of attack trees is extended and modified to create protection trees. To validate the effectiveness of the methodology, the Schematic Protection Model (SPM) is used. The SPM is extended and applied to verify that a system protected using the attack and protection tree methodology is safe. To demonstrate the general usefulness of this novel methodology, it is used to analyze the security of several varied domains including computer networks, online banking, homeland security, and mobile ad hoc networks. [Taken from abstract]. This is in PDF format so Adobe Acrobat software is required in order to read it. How Advances in Information and Firepower can Transform Warfare (1998) This web site is the full text of a 1998 Rand Research Brief. It is documented in full in the text 'To Find and Not to Yield, How Advances in Information and Firepower can Transform Theater Warfare' by David A Ochmanek et.al. (1998). The paper provides an overview of the value of investing in new military technology and the changes it will have upon conflicts and potential conflicts. Improving Common Security Risk Analysis This is a Research and Technology Organization (RTO) Technical Report RTO-TR-IST-049, dated September 2008. This report is the final report resulting from the four meetings of the working group called “Improving Common Security Risk Analysis” (IST-049 – RTG-021). The report describes the different methods used by various NATO countries. As a first conclusion, the report shows that these methodologies, even if based on similar principles, differ in their knowledge bases or type of results. This makes the risk assessments difficult or impossible to compare when different methods have been used. In a second part, the report identifies the main steps which are considered as mandatory for a method to be used by NATO. Then the report identifies recommendations which should be taken into account by the existing methods and tools in order to solve the interoperability problem identified in the first part of the document but also to be able to take into account the new NATO concepts such as NNEC. The final chapter of the report identifies the follow on activities to be conducted within RTO/IST or within other NATO entities. A table of contents, and the full text of the document can be accessed online in HTML format. The document is contained in the RTO's Full Text Publication Library. In the crossfire : critical infrastructure in the age of cyber war In the wake of the financial crisis, assuring the integrity and availability of key national industries may no longer be government priority, but this is a crucial point of strategic vulnerability. Six hundred IT and security executives from critical infrastructure enterprises across seven sectors in 14 countries worldwide answered a survey about their practices, attitudes and policies on security–the impact of regulation, their relationship with government, specific security measures employed on their networks, and the kinds of attacks they face. The replies indicate repeated cyberattack, often by high-level adversaries. The impact is often severe with a high cost. Although they generally report satisfaction with the security resources available to them the recession has cut widely and deeply. Significantly there is concern about how well-prepared critical infrastructure is to deal with large-scale attacks. Information Assurance : Trends in Vulnerabilities, Threats and Technologies This site provides access to the full text pdf version of the working paper published by the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defence University, in 2004 and edited by Jacques S. Gansler and Hans Binnendijk. The book documents the proceedings of a workshop on information assurance issues related to network centric warfare. The chapters look at information assurance; trends in vulnerabilities, threats and technologies; physical vulnerabilties; vulnerabilities to electromagnetic attack; cyber security; and network centric warfare. Institute for Advanced Study of Information Warfare(IASIW) The aim of this site is stated as to facilitate an understanding of information warfare as it affects both civilian and military life. This information is in the form of journals and articles and lists of books on subjects such as computer crime, viruses, hacking, internet security, telecommunications networks and bugging. There are links to useful web sites and the site is constantly updated. Network Enabled Capability This is the UK Ministry of Defence web site on the Network Enabled Capability programme. The Aim of NEC is to enhance the capabilities of the armed forces by improved exploitation of information. The website provides access to the full text of the UK MoD Joint Services Publication JSP777, titled Network Enabled Capability. The NEC Handbook is divided into two main parts; understanding NEC and NEC development. Network-Centric Operations Case Study. The Stryker Brigade Combat Team This technical report (MG-267-1-OSD) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2005 and was written by Dan Gonzales, Michael Johnson, Jimmie McEver, Dennis Leedom, Gina Kingston and Michael S. Tseng. The authors of this report seek to understand how network-centric operations (NCO) capabilities are a source of combat power for the Armys Stryker brigade and determine how well the tenets of NCO are realized by the unit. They compared the performance of a Stryker brigade with that of a light infantry brigade in exercises and found that the new units NCO capabilities vastly improved performance. They determined that NCO capabilities made the unit a more effective combat force. They conclude by discussing the implications of the NCO capabilities for future Army forces. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it. Power to the Edge : Command Control in the Information Age This is the full text pdf version of the book written by David S. Alberts and Richard E. Hayes, published by the Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program in June 2003. The book is part of the Information Age Transformation Series and looks at: the power of information; command and control approaches in the information age; industrial age command and control; the breakdown of industrial age organising principles and processes; the information age; desired characteristics of information age forces; interoperability; agility; power and the edge; the power of power to the edge organisations; and edge oriented mission capability packages. Procturing the Joint Force:Networks, Hierarchy and 21st Century Warfare This is the full text of a thesis by Daniel Tippett USAF, which was presented to the faculty of the School of Advanced Air Power Studies (SASS), Maxwell Air Force Base Alabama in 2005. This study analyzes the prospects for a joint center to exercise command and control (C2) over United States (US) Joint Forces. The idea for such a center emanates from the need for joint warfighting efficiency and the emergence of the Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ). The study assesses the compatibility of a joint center with individual service doctrine as well as net-centric environments (NCE) and net-centric operations (NCO). It concludes that a joint C2 center is incompatible with the preponderance of service doctrine, and is diametrically opposed to the concept of NCO. Instead, a Joint Planning and Monitoring Center (JPMC) could plan and monitor the joint fight, accomplishing many of the same goals of efficiency that a C2 center might. In execution, the Joint Force would conduct net-centric warfare (NCW) wherein subordinate empowerment prevails on the battlefield, focused by mission-orders and commander’s intent. The paper concludes with recommendations to field the NCE, create the JPMC, and to adapt service doctrine to operate in the NCE and conduct NCW. [Taken from abstract]. The full text is available in PDF format and isprovided by the Air University Research Web site. Reporters on the Battlefield. The Embedded Press System in Historical Context This technical report (MG-200-RC) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2004 and was written by Christopher Paul and James J. Kim. Focusing on the embedded press system deployed during Operation Iraqi Freedom, this book attempts to answer the following questions: How effective was the embedded press system in meeting the needs of the three main constituencies-the press, the military, and the citizens of the United States? What policy history led to the innovation of an embedded press system? Where are press-military relations likely to go in the future? [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it. RMA Debate Sponsored by the Project on Defense Alternatives, this site is a subject gateway to full text resources on the internet about the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), information and asymmetric warfare. The site is divided into subjects relating to RMA, U.S. defence transformation, terrorism, information warfare, strategic information warfare, asymmetric warfare and future war. The site links to full-text online books, provides contact details for specialists in this area, links to research sites and provides a bibliography. Separatist, Para-Military, Military, Intelligence and Aid Organizations This web site has grown from a network security consulting project into a list of terrorist organisations who make use of the internet (or at least have an internet presence) and ultimately includes freedom fighters on the side of good, and quasi-national groups as well as the military professionals and aid organisations of the title. There is a warning on the site that some organisations or government bodies who check http traffic may be averse to their employees exploring such sites. Technology Collection Trends in the U.S. Defense Industry Volume IV 1998 This document describes the most likely areas in U.S. defence industry to be targeted by foreign entities collecting information to enhance their own military capabilities or to attack those of the U.S. The Big Issue : Command and Combat in the Information Age This is the full text pdf version of the book edited by David Potts, originally published as SCSI (Strategic and Combat Studies Institute) Occasional Paper Number 45 in March 2002, it was reprinted by the Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program in February 2003. The book is part of the Information Age Transformation Series and brings together essays from the British Army's Directorate General Development and Doctrine on the impact technology and the information age will have on the UK armed forces. The first part of the book looks at philosophy and considers the revolution in military affairs and command in the information age. Part two looks at the possibilities and challenges and discusses the commander-centric approach, interoperability and the case for manned reconnaissance. The final and third part considers the prognosis for the future; tactical combat with C4ISTAR, asymmetric warfare, and the possible future face of warfare. The Terrorism Research Center This organisation aims to provide information to the general public and specialist research about terrorism and information warfare. The site provides essays, analysis and commentary on topics including chemical and biological warfare, WMD (weapons of mass destruction) terrorism, and the future of terrorism. The site also offers profiles of terrorist and groups, links to related sites and hosts an email discussion forum. Most of the reports require authorisation before viewing. Understanding the Insider Threat. Proceedings of a March 2004 Workshop This technical report (CF-196-ARDA) was published by The RAND Corporation in 2004 and was written by Robert Anderson and Richard Brackney. Reports the results of a workshop on the problems of ensuring the security of information against malevolent actions by insiders in the intelligence community (IC) with access to sensitive information and information systems. Attendees discussed community system models, vulnerabilities and exploits, attacker models, and event characterization, and discussed databases that would aid them in their work. [Taken from abstract]. This is a PDF file, so Adobe Acrobat software will be required in order to read it. |
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